Remark Quick Stats: Gravic.

Remark Quick Stats: Gravic. www.gravic Grav´ica. 1. Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as, gravicforces; gravicattraction. s> .com Software, $895/single user, $6,700/10-user pack With the click of a button, the software not only grades tests butcan specify an answer key, grade scale, learning objectives or benchmarkscores, then produce statistics and graphs representing the itemanalysis, frequency distribution, student scores and several other teststatistics. It also produces a grade report for each student that can beprinted off and handed back to the student. The company also has createdOffice OMR (Optical Mark Reader) A scanner that reads marks on specific areas of the page. See mark sensing. OMR - Optical Mark Reader , a software package that collects data from optical markssuch as bubbles bubblessymbolic of transitoriness of life. [Art: Hall, 54]See : Brevity , checkboxes and barcodes For the machine-readable representation of information in a visual format on a surface see barcode.For the British Blues Jazz group see The Barcodes on plain paper forms. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Remarkable Park.

Remarkable Park. Remarkable Park Bracha Goetz, author Patti Argoff, illustrator Feldheim Publishers 208 Airport Executive Park, Nanuet, NY 10954 9781598264951, $12.95, www.feldheim.com "Remarkable Park" is a children's picture book abouttwo Hebrew children who discover many friends among the animals atRemarkable Park. Filled with colorful illustrations that include Hebrewletters and names for some of the animals, such as Kel-lev, the puppydog, "Remarkable Park" is a celebratory book written inmusical verse for children ages 4 and up. The presence of Hashem isalways underlined among the creatures of Remarkable Park, and its endingis an opening of inspiration: "Remarkable parks--they'reeverywhere!/ All you have to do is LOOK./ Hashem made this world to talkto us,/ Just like an open book (p. 26)!"

Remember the 'readers' adviser'?

Remember the 'readers' adviser'? Rennison, Nick, ed Good reading guide: what to read and what toread next. London: Bloomsbury, 2002. 338p A$29.95 soft ISBN ISBNabbr.International Standard Book NumberISBNInternational Standard Book NumberISBNn abbr (= International Standard Book Number) → ISBN m0747554498 THE FIFTH EDITION OF THE GOOD READING GUIDE, AS IN PREVIOUSEDITIONS, seeks to answer two main questions: 'Which book should Iread?' and 'Which book should I read next?' The originalauthor of the guide was the late Kenneth McLeish, and Nick Rennison, abookseller and freelance writer, has maintained many of the elements ofthe first four editions. In the fifth edition entries have been updatedto include books (and deaths of authors) since the last edition (1996).In addition, entries have been revised substantially, with new titlesand authors added. A small number of authors appearing in earliereditions have been excluded mainly because of waning popularity with thereading public. The main portion of this edition is devoted to articles on some 375authors, describing the kind of books they wrote, listing titles andsuggesting books which could make interesting reading after the initialtitle. A 'Read on' section for each author directs readers tosimilar books by other authors. 'Pathways' for twelveinfluential works of literature branch out to dozens of books withsimilar themes. The 'Startpoints' for nine main genre providean introductory reading list of some of the most popular or mostenjoyable. 'Read on a theme' topics range from adolescence tospies and allows the reader to select books dealing with themes thatinterest them and then lead on to other titles. Rennison does not provide literary criticism within the text,choosing to '... describe books, not to be clever at theirexpense', and he also has tried to avoid ranking authors byliterary merit Literary merit is a quality of written work, generally applied to the genre of literary fiction. A work is said to have literary merit (to be a work of art) if it is a work of quality, that is if it has some aesthetic value. . He does, however, use symbols to denote de��note?tr.v. de��not��ed, de��not��ing, de��notes1. To mark; indicate: a frown that denoted increasing impatience.2. highlyrecommended titles and those he regards as masterpieces. Overall, this is a title worthy of a place on any bookshelf and onethat can be read and dipped into on its own merits. It is certainly amust in public libraries, where advice on more books by the same authoror the same genre or theme is sought often. Sally C Anderson, NSW NSWNew South WalesNoun 1. NSW - the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfareNaval Special Warfare Agriculture

Remembering Edward Miller, first FBLA-PBL president.

Remembering Edward Miller, first FBLA-PBL president. Dr. Edward D. Miller Edward D. Miller, M.D. The Frances Watt Baker, M.D. and Lenox D. Baker Jr., M.D. Dean of the Medical Faculty and Chief Executive Officer, Johns Hopkins MedicineEdward D. Miller, M.D. , the first president and chief executiveofficer of Future Business Leaders of America-Phi Beta Lambda(FBLA-PBL), passed away on March 14, 2004, but his legacy of leadershiplives on in the career and technical student organization Career and Technical Student Organizations (CTSOs) are vocational organizations primarily based in high schools. Often, on the state level, they are integrated into Departments of Education or incorporated as non-profit organizations. to which hewas so dedicated. Miller became president and CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization. Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board. of the newly formednonprofit organization and served in the position for nearly 30 yearsuntil his retirement in 1997. Under his leadership, membership inFBLA-PBL more than tripled, and chartered chapters grew from 4,500 tomore than 12,000. He founded two new divisions--the FBLA FBLA Future Business Leaders of AmericaFBLA Florida Board of Landscape Architecture Middle Schooland Professional Divisions--and created FBLA-PBL's first nationwidetraining conference for state and national leaders, which is held eachyear in the Washington, D.C., area. During his tenure, FBLA-PBL opened apermanent national headquarters facility, and Miller himself contributedmore than $10,000 to building the FBLA-PBL National Center. Miller was appointed by President Reagan to chair the NationalCouncil on Vocational Education and was a longtime member of ACTE ACTE Association for Career and Technical Education (formerly American Vocational Association)ACTE Association of Corporate Travel ExecutivesACTE Approvals Committee for Terminal EquipmentACTE Anodal Closure Tetanus whoserved on the association's policy committees. His friends andfamily are planning to establish a foundation in his name, which will"support the advancement of youth." To learn more about the organization Dr. Edward D. Miller served sowell for so many years, visit www.fbla-pbl.org.

Remembering George Segal.

Remembering George Segal. In general, history is made up of accounts and analyses that helpus understand who we are and how we have come to where we are.Oftentimes, we speak of "the history of art educators," butthere's no simple narrative that tells the full story. These arehistories. When you come down to it, our history is made up of accountsof people and institutions--their actions and ideas. As the years go by,I frequently pause to think about individuals who've influenced me.These thoughts and memories serve as the basis for this series,"Art Teachers I Have Known."--JJ.H. It was in 1949 that I met George Segal. Both of us were living inNew Jersey, and we both were enrolled in New York University'sDepartment of Art Education. On a few evenings each week, we would walk to the Hudson-Manhattantubes after class and travel to Hoboken. From there, we would take ourtrain to Elizabeth, my stop, and New Brunswick, where George lived. In 1950, both of us were enrolled in student teaching. I wasfortunate enough to work with Marion Quin Dix in Elizabeth. George, onthe other hand, chose to do his student teaching in Manhattan, so hecould be closer to the "art world." I do not know the name of his supervising teacher, nor do I wish toknow! What I do recall is the evening when George announced that he"did not want to work with such a person" and withdrew fromstudent teaching. George and his wife, Helen, bought a chicken farm in NorthBrunswick. The plan was that he would care for the chickens in themorning and paint in the afternoon. Alas, things don't always work out as planned. He did not havea sufficient income as a chicken farmer and artist, and so he made useof his earlier education as an art educator: he substituted in theschools in neighboring communities. A Johnson & Johnson plant was located nearby. The company haddeveloped a plaster-impregnated bandage to be used by physicians increating casts for broken bones. Art teachers in the area took advantage of this product bygathering discarded scraps to create puppet heads and small sculpturesin their classrooms. It was much easier for students to work with thismaterial than using more traditional papier-mache methods. George sawall these forms in classrooms as a substitute teacher. "What a goodidea," he thought. "I can make use of that in my work." So much more might be mentioned as ideas and events thatcontributed to Segal's artistic explorations. For example, hisclose friend, Allan Kaprow, taught at nearby Douglas College. Kaprow hadbeen drawn to the work of the Abstract Expressionists and the idea ofaction painting. As the art critic, Harold Rosenberg, put it: "Whatwas to go on the canvas was not a picture, but an event."Kaprow's artworks can be traced from paintings to environments toevents ("happenings"). Some of Kaprow's"happenings" were performed on Segal's farm. In George Segal: Sculptures (Walker Art Center; 1978), authorMartin Friedman--director emeritus of the Walker Art Center andSegal's good friend--referenced the point I am making: "Duringthis period of critical self-analysis, Segal and Kaprow had endlessdiscussions and vehement arguments about the creation of a popular newart that would incorporate objects and experiences from everydaylife." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] So many things come together in the experience of an artist. When Ifirst knew him, George was a painter. His drawings have always been richin their sense for more traditional Renaissance techniques. He loved thehuman figure, as well as the dramatic circumstances found in everydaylife. As a substitute teacher, he was drawn to improvisation andcreativity in working with new materials. He may not have accepted a"regular" teaching position. But, as a friend, I can reporthis interest in people, ideas and art education never waned. As he putit: "I love to watch people. I'm interested in their gesturesand I'm interested in their experience and mine." Segal died in June 2000. He never really left the field of arteducation. Jerome J. Hausman is a visiting professor at The School of The ArtInstitute of Chicago and serves on the Arts & Activities EditorialAdvisory Board.

Also received.

Also received. PATRICIA PATRICIA Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In AlphanumericPATRICIA Proving and Testability for Reliability Improvement of Complex Integrated ArchitecturesPATRICIA PApilloma TRIal Cervical cancer In young Adults SPENCER. Amara. West II: the cemetery and pottery corpus,xii+102 pages, 57 b&w plates, 4 colour plates. 2002. London: EgyptExploration Society The Egypt Exploration Society (usually abbreviated EES) is the foremost learned society in the United Kingdom promoting the field of Egyptology.The Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF), as it was originally known, was formed in 1882, largely at the instigation of passionate ; 0-85698-150-8 paperback. JOHN MONTGOMERY. Dictionary of Maya hieroglyphs, viii+416 pages.2002. New York (NY): Hippocrene; 0-7818-0862-6 paperback $19.95. PHILIP FREEMAN. War, women and druids: eyewitness reports and earlyaccounts of the ancient Celts. xii+100 pages, 1 map. 2002. Austin (TX):University of Texas Press; 0-292-72545-0 hardback $24.95. ROBERT N. MCCAULEY & E. THOMAS LAWSON. Bringing ritual to mind:psychological foundations of cultural forms, xiii+236 pages, 25 figures.2002. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). ; 0-521-81559-2 hardback47.50 [pounds sterling] & US$65, 0-521-01629-0 paperback 16.95[pounds sterling] & US$23. MEHER MCARTHUR. Reading Buddhist art: an illustrated guide toBuddhist signs & symbols. 216 pages, illustrations. 2002. London:Thames & Hudson; 0-500-51089-X hardback 18.95 [pounds sterling]. SARA Saraor Sarah,in the Bible, wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac. With Rebekah, Rachel, and Leah, she was one of the four Hebrew matriarchs. Her name was originally Sarai [Heb.,=princess]. AUSTIN (ed.). Cartographic treasures of the Newberry Library.104 pages, b&w & colour illustrations. 2001. Chicago (IL):Newberry Library; 0-911028714 paperback $20 & 14 [pounds sterling]. RICHARD J. POWELL. Black art: a cultural history (2nd ed.). 272pages, 192 b&w & colour illustrations. 2002. London: Thames& Hudson; 0-500-20362-8 paperback 8.95 [pounds sterling]. R.E. PRITCHARD. Dickens's England: life in Victorian times,iv+284 pages, illustrations. 2002. Stroud: Sutton; 0-7509-2741-0hardback 18.99 [pounds sterling]. BERWICK COATES. Wellington's charge: a portrait of theDuke's England. xi+324 pages, 10 b&w illustrations, 2 maps.2002. London: Robson; 1-86105-516-1 hardback 17.95 [pounds sterling]. GRAHAM HOPKINS. Constant delight: rakes, rogues and scandal inRestoration England. xiii+279 pages, 14 b&w illustrations. 2002.London: Robson; 1-86105-509-9 hardback 16.95 [pounds sterling].

Remembering Osiris: number, gender, and the word in ancient Egyptian representational systems.

Remembering Osiris: number, gender, and the word in ancient Egyptian representational systems. TOM HARE. Remembering Osiris: number, gender, and the word inancient Egyptian representational systems representational systems,n.pl a neurolinguistic programming term for the senses (visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, and gustatory). . xxii+324 pages, 57 figures, 1map. 1999. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Stanford University,at Stanford, Calif.; coeducational; chartered 1885, opened 1891 as Leland Stanford Junior Univ. (still the legal name). The original campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. David Starr Jordan was its first president. Press; 0-8047-3178-0 &hardback 35 [pounds sterling] & $55; 0-8047-3179-9 paperback 11.95[pounds sterling] & $19.95. Prof. KITCHEN presents transliterations and translations ofEgyptian poetry from the predynastic period to the Roman. Commentary isprovided throughout and he concludes with a short essay on the historyof this literature and on the poetics. The book's generous formatis conducive to contented study. Dr HARE considers bodily(re-membering), linguistic and numerological nu��mer��ol��o��gy?n.The study of the occult meanings of numbers and their supposed influence on human life.[Latin numerus, number; see number + -logy. tropes and symbolism intexts and iconography from ancient papyri, palettes, tomb walls andstelae. Although written with something of the usual coyness and forcedwit of `deconstruction', his rich variety of sources and broadrange of theoretical references make it a compelling book. It addressesgeneral features of ancient Egyptian world-view -- not overlooking thedistinctiveness of Akhenaten's. Dr HARE concludes with a thoughtfulchapter on later readings -- the myth lives on.

Remembering Reed Wadley--"... and you will.".

Remembering Reed Wadley--"... and you will.". In my mind today, I can hear those three short words just as I didduring my Ph.D. qualifying exam. The goal that day was for a committeeto identify my weaknesses--a necessary, but unpleasant rite ofpassage--and we had been at it for several hours. A professor posed aquestion to me, prefaced with, "When you do your research inKalimantan ...," and Reed leaned over and spoke those three words,quietly but with confidence and great conviction. At that time, he hadbeen diagnosed with cancer, and although I was the eternal optimistthroughout his illness, part of me was gripped by fear and uncertainty.I did not expect to see him that day, knowing that he was in significantpain and undergoing treatment, but he came. He must have understood myapprehensions on a day that he knew would be difficult for me (he knewme to be a perfectionist). His presence and his few words meant more tome than I think he knew and more than I was ever able to express to him. As a mentor, Reed was always more likely to pose a challenge, askquestions, and present alternative perspectives than he was to offereasy praise. There were always ways to improve, new skills to acquire,new possibilities and directions. Exceeding his expectations and pushingthese limits became my mission (and I think he knew this). I relishedhis keen intellect and thought processes, while he cultivated, refined,and fortified my own. As our professional relationship grew, our personal relationshipbecame stronger. I watched Reed moving through the crisis of the pastfew years, and as I tried to offer help and hope, I was often touched byhis own strength as well as his vulnerability. Throughout this time, Icame to know him as a loving husband to Oona and a loving father toLucas, as a strong and tender man, and as a cherished friend. Simply put, Reed Wadley changed my life. He was a wonderful mentor,both academically and in learning to cope with life's indignities.Today, I continue with the plans that we laid out at the beginning ofthis journey. Within the next year, I will carry out my dissertationfieldwork in West Kalimantan. This is a bittersweet moment, and I amever aware of my mentor's gift to me. His is a voice to heed and toremember. "... And I will, Reed. I will ..." (Christina Pomianek, Department of Anthropology, University ofMissouri, Columbia, Missouri)

Remote control for AV classrooms.

Remote control for AV classrooms. Educational institutions are upgrading AV systems in classrooms to keep pace with advances in multimedia and communications as beneficial tools for instruction (such as DVD DVD:see digital versatile disc. DVDin full digital video disc or digital versatile discType of optical disc. The DVD represents the second generation of compact-disc (CD) technology. and the Internet). As with the introduction of any new technology into a learning environment, these new AV systems bring new pedagogical ped��a��gog��ic? also ped��a��gog��i��caladj.1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of pedagogy.2. Characterized by pedantic formality: a haughty, pedagogic manner. opportunities for teachers. In order to maximize their value, these systems must be user-friendly and non-intimidating. They must also be easy to maintain and support throughout a school or campus. In addressing the challenges of upgrading AV systems in classrooms, technology managers have recognized remote control as an important element in the successful implementation of new AV systems in classrooms. Solutions have been introduced allowing the teacher to directly control AV equipment within a classroom from a simple, centralized cen��tral��ize?v. cen��tral��ized, cen��tral��iz��ing, cen��tral��iz��esv.tr.1. To draw into or toward a center; consolidate.2. location. Also, multiple AV systems can be controlled for remote management and technical support. AV Control Within the Classroom Typically, the instructor is the end user of an AV system in a classroom. The instructor must be able to operate the system from a central location, effortlessly and with minimal training. Other important considerations are longterm reliability and reasonable cost for implementing AV system control. How can these be achieved? One approach is to implement a system requiring touch panel modules. Such control units, with touch-sensitive LCD screens, are relatively expensive and imbue im��bue?tr.v. im��bued, im��bu��ing, im��bues1. To inspire or influence thoroughly; pervade: work imbued with the revolutionary spirit.See Synonyms at charge.2. sophistication so��phis��ti��cate?v. so��phis��ti��cat��ed, so��phis��ti��cat��ing, so��phis��ti��catesv.tr.1. To cause to become less natural, especially to make less naive and more worldly.2. and high-tech appeal. They offer wide-ranging possibilities for the visual styling of the displays, and allow for multiple layers or "pages" of displays. Other advantages of touch panels are that they can display only the relevant controls for the current device and they have the ability to program multiple AV functions at the touch of a button, also known as a macro. Alternatively, less expensive control systems ore available that employ simple control panels with tactile tactile/tac��tile/ (tak��til) pertaining to touch. tac��tileadj.1. Perceptible to the sense of touch; tangible.2. Used for feeling.3. push buttons and controls. Many of these simplified control systems have been designed specifically with the instructor in mind, for quick and intuitive interaction with the buttons and controls. They offer durability and longterm reliability, having been designed for repeated, rugged use in institutions. The buttons are abundantly sized, clearly labeled, and often are backlit An LCD screen that has its own light source from the back of the screen, making the background brighter and characters appear sharper. . Because these simple control panels are fixed in design, they can easily be duplicated in multiple rooms. Many of these products have integrated device control, therefore providing a one-product solution for essential control of projectors in small classrooms, as well as other devices including screens and DVD players A stand-alone device that plays DVDs. It contains a DVD drive and the electronics to decode the digital video. The device may play only manufactured DVDs, or it may be able to play DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD+RW discs. DVD players are cabled to a TV or home theater system for display. . Managing Multiple Classroom AV Systems Control via IP AV systems for classrooms and lecture halls lecture halln → sala de conferencias;(UNIV) → aulalecture halllecture n → amphith��atre m are likely duplicated throughout a school or the entire campus. Supporting all of these systems may seem a daunting daunt?tr.v. daunt��ed, daunt��ing, dauntsTo abate the courage of; discourage. See Synonyms at dismay.[Middle English daunten, from Old French danter, from Latin task for a staff of professionals and technicians, but AV system operation can be integrated with IP networking technology for centralized control 1. In air defense, the control mode whereby a higher echelon makes direct target assignments to fire units. 2. In joint air operations, placing within one commander the responsibility and authority for planning, directing, and coordinating a military operation or group/category of over wide areas. The integration of AV systems and IP networks allows For facility-wide and administrative approaches to remote management, monitoring, scheduling, security, and maintenance. Complete system technical support can be provided from a remote help desk location, whereby administrators can operate and configure AV systems, check system or device status, and run diagnostics. What are the practical benefits of remote access to AV systems? By assuming direct control of a system, administrators can immediately assist an instructor with operating difficulties. The ability to monitor a projector's elapsed e��lapse?intr.v. e��lapsed, e��laps��ing, e��laps��esTo slip by; pass: Weeks elapsed before we could start renovating.n. lamp hours is useful in assessing whether lamp replacement is necessary. Furthermore, scheduling projectors to shut off at specific times will help conserve lamp life. Systems that remotely access AV systems can be programmed to send instant notifications to administrators via email. And since projectors installed in classrooms may be susceptible to theft, administrators can be immediately notified whenever online connection to any projector has been compromised. Eventually, all AV systems will depend on IT technology, not only for control but also the exchange of digital AV content. Ensuring a comprehensive data network infrastructure today for classrooms and schools is an important step forward in meeting the needs of tomorrow's AV communications. For more information, call (800) 633-9876 or visit www.extron.com Lee Dodson Vice President Marketing (Worldwide) Extron Corp.

Rene Desbrosse & Andre Thevenin (ed.). Prehistoire de l'Europe des origines a l'Age du Bronze.

Rene Desbrosse & Andre Thevenin (ed.). Prehistoire de l'Europe des origines a l'Age du Bronze. 572 pages, 209 figures, 24 tables. 2003. Paris: Comite des TravauxHistoriques & Scientifiques; 2-7355-0526-X paperback 40 [euro]. J. CLOTTES & R. DESROSSE introduce a diverse selection of 35substantial papers or notes on 'Prehistory of Europe' from the125th French National Congress of Historical & Scientific Societies.They are grouped under three headings: physical anthropology (includinga review by J.-J. Hublin of discoveries, during the 1990s, onPleistocene Eurasia, B. Maureille on evidence for'neanderthalisation' from Petralona, B. Vandermeersch on'The ... first modern people', and a paper on the peopling ofCorsica); art (including a review by J. Clottes on recent progress frontFrance, papers on rock art in Spain, and E. Anati on the Alpine ALPINE Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (drug trial)ALPINE Advanced Logistics Program Integration and Engineering rock artof the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene); and 'materialculture'. The latter covers four groups: seven papers on the UpperPalaeolithic; five on the end of that period and the beginning of theMesolithic; eight on general and particular aspects of the Neolithic,ranging from a case study of sources of stone bracelets from the Basinof Paris to the 'how & why' of the spread of Beakers (L.Salanova), and discussions of 'neolithisation' (M. Midgley)and the 'Indo-Europeans' (J .P. Demoule); and, to finish, acouple on the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the , including a widely ranging but conciseappraisal of economic and religious associations in an'Atlantic' province, by J. Briard Briard(brēärd`), breed of muscular, wiry working dog whose origins may be traced back to 12th-century France. It stands from 22 to 27 in. (55.9–68.6 cm) high at the shoulder and weighs between 70 and 80 lb (31.8–36.3 kg). . Plainly,archaeologist's archaeology archaeology(ärkēŏl`əjē)[Gr.,=study of beginnings], a branch of anthropology that seeks to document and explain continuity and change and similarities and differences among human cultures. is flourishing among the French andtheir francophone colleagues; but they are in step with the currentsensitivity of British colleagues to the evidence for culturaldiversity. Most of the papers are provided with short abstracts inEnglish.

Rene T.J. Cappers. Roman Foodprints at Berenike: Archaeobotanical Evidence of Subsistence and Trade in the Eastern Desert of Egypt.

Rene T.J. Cappers. Roman Foodprints at Berenike: Archaeobotanical Evidence of Subsistence and Trade in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. RENE T.J. CAPPERS Roman Foodprints at Berenike: ArchaeobotanicalEvidence of Subsistence and Trade in the Eastern Desert of Egypt(Berenike Report 6). xvi+232 pages, 135 illustrations & 10 tables.2006. Los Angeles Los Angeles(lôs ăn`jələs, lŏs, ăn`jəlēz'), city (1990 pop. 3,485,398), seat of Los Angeles co., S Calif.; inc. 1850. (CA): Cotsen Institute of Archaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. at UCLA UCLA University of California at Los AngelesUCLA University Center for Learning Assistance (Illinois State University)UCLA University of Carrollton, TX and Lower Addison, TX ;1-931745-27-7 hardback $65; 1-931745-269 paperback $35. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] In this elegantly written book, Rene T.J. Cappers reports theextraordinary archaeobotanical study of Berenike, an important harbourfounded in approximately 275 BC, on the Red Sea coast in the far southof Egypt. The rigorous scientific approach to the study of plantlandscape, organisation of trade and subsistence economy A subsistence economy is an economy in which a group generally obtains the necessities of life, but do not attempt to accumulate wealth. In such a system, a concept of wealth does not exist, and only minimal surpluses generally are created, therefore there is a reliance on renewal makes this booka wonderful example of the potential archaeoethno-botanical researchholds for historical archaeology Historical archaeology is a branch of archaeology that concerns itself with "historical" societies, i.e. those that had systems of writing. It is often distinguished from prehistoric archaeology which studies societies with no writing. . It also highlights how botanicalrecords can enrich written sources which, while useful, are, as Cappersremarks (p. 1), incomplete and not fully interpretable due totranslation and conceptual problems. During seven seasons of excavation, directed by Steven Sidebothamand Willemina Wendrich (from Delaware and Leiden respectively), hundredsof plant remain samples were collected from trenches related tobuildings or refuse deposits at Berenike, and from middens at the nearbyRoman settlement at Shenshef. The reconstruction of the former naturalvegetation is based on the plant remains and current vegetation. Theidentification of the possible supply areas is based on the naturaldistribution of the plant species, their archaeobotanical record fromEgypt and the surrounding area, and historical sources. Key sourcesinclude the Alexandrian Tariffand the Periplus Marls Erythraei, ahandbook for merchants describing commerce between Roman Egypt, easternAfrica, the Arabian Peninsula and India. The book is organised into an introduction and seven chapters, eachdealing with one aspect of the study, starting with the archaeology ofRome's trade networks and descriptions of the Roman installationsin the eastern desert (chapter 1). The second chapter containsinteresting notes on the current environment, climate, ecology andsurvival strategies of the desert plants, and Egypt's flora andphytogeographical regions. Most notably, a small-scale plant inventoryfrom around Roman sites has been drawn up from sixteen phytosociologicalsurveys, permitting both knowledge of the recent vegetation and a betterinterpretation of the subfossil record of wild plant species. Chapter 3is a description of some aspects of the current mode of nomadic See nomadic computing. living,drawn from Capper's personal experience with the Ababda nomads. Theinsights he gained from this relationship is a commonly reportedoccurrence among Westerners who come into contact with nomads and theirfascinating lifestyle in the desert. Chapter 4, which is strictly related to the archaeobotanicalresearch, is the largest part of the book. It begins with a look at thebasic difference between cultivation and domestication domesticationProcess of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into forms more accommodating to the interests of people. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. (one of the keypoints in the interpretation of plant remains found in large quantities,particularly of wild plants in historical and prehistoric times). Theauthor also stresses the need for methods of standardisation of thenomenclature and descriptions of plant remains. The chapter continueswith an interesting inventory of the 68 cultivated plants found in thedeposits, in the form of a highly detailed alphabetical listing, andcloses with a table of 110 wild plant taxa. Chapter 5 explores suchaspects as the economy of Berenike--an economy based on long-distancetrade--local cultivation and issues related to the conservation ofproducts and commodities. Berenike's inhabitants appear, on thebasis of the archaeobotanical analyses, to have cultivated some plantsthemselves. Cappers writes that the herbaceous her��ba��ceous?adj.1. Relating to or characteristic of an herb as distinguished from a woody plant.2. Green and leaflike in appearance or texture. plants most likely tohave been grown locally were vegetables in kitchen gardens, whileedaphic e��daph��ic?adj.1. Of or relating to soil, especially as it affects living organisms.2. Influenced by the soil rather than by the climate. problems probably prevented the cultivation of trees and cerealfields. In the latter case, for example, grain imports from the NileValley were a major support to Berenike. Chapter 6 illustrates the main conclusions, and contains twointeresting tables summarising the cultivated plants' possible usesand the quantitative data. The former natural vegetation 'would nothave differed much from the present one' contends Cappers (p. 155).Interestingly, indigenous plant species are more common among plantremains of the more recent periods than among those of the earlyhabitation HABITATION, civil law. It was the right of a person to live in the house of another without prejudice to the property. 2. It differed from a usufruct in this, that the usufructuary might have applied the house to any purpose, as, a store or manufactory; whereas period. The Romans' usual regard for local products (seetable 6.3, p. 163) emerges even in this arid environment, which wasunsuitable for Mediterranean cultivations and sustained only quitelimited local cultivations. Most of the food and firewood supplies hadto be obtained from remote areas. Finally, chapter 7 offers a preciouscatalogue of rare and problematic records, with diagnostic features; acomplete inventory, in the form of an atlas, would have been even morewelcome. Furthermore, the accompanying photographs could be crisper andmore information on seed/fruit concentrations would have been useful toexperts. Beautiful colour plates close the book. Summing up, this useful and interesting book is a precious tool foranyone wanting to explore the world of archaeobotany; at the same time,it is an easy read for non-experts intent on discovering the history ofBerenike from a different perspective. Berenike, once famous for itsstrategic position between sand and sea, has been restored to itsrightful place thanks to key studies reported in a collection of sixvolumes. The volume under review represents an essential element inreconstructing the 'foodprints' at the boundaries of the RomanEmpire. ANNA MARIA MERCURI Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento del Museo di Paleobiologia e dell'Orto Botanico, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (Email: mercuri.annamaria@unimo.it)

Renewed investigations at the Folsom Palaeoindian type site.

Renewed investigations at the Folsom Palaeoindian type site. The Folsom site (New Mexico, USA) is justly famous as the placewhere in 1927 four decades of sometimes bitter controversy came to anend, when it was finally demonstrated humans had been in the New Worldsince the Pleistocene (Meltzer 1993). Folsom became the type site forthe Palaeoindian period and distinctive fluted projectile projectilesomething thrown forward.projectile syringesee blow dart.projectile vomitingforceful vomiting, usually without preceding retching, in which the vomitus is thrown well forward. point thatbears its name (see Hofman 1999). Yet, as the excavations done in the1920s by the Colorado (now Denver) and American Museums of NaturalHistory focused initially on the recovery of Bison antiquus skeletonssuitable for museum display, and latterly on documenting the associationof projectile points with those bison remains, many fundamentalquestions of interest about the site's stratigraphic, environmentaland archaeological context were left unanswered (and often not asked). To rectify that situation, a long-term field project was begun in1997, sponsored by the Quest Archaeological Research Fund and underpermit from the State of New Mexico. Our initial expectations weremodest, made so by the knowledge that the last year of major excavationson site (1928) were extensive and ostensibly got `around the Indiansbuffalo hunt' (as Peter Kaisen, the field foreman, reported inAugust of that year). While there is no question much of the site wasremoved by the earlier work, it was unexpected and gratifying todiscover that the site is much larger than was realized in the 1920s,and that considerable material of archaeological interest remains. Folsom is located in the shadow of Johnson Mesa in northeastern NewMexico (FIGURES 1 & 2), and straddles Wild Horse Arroyo Wild Horse Arroyo is an archeological site which was excavated in 1926 near Folson, New Mexico. This site is significant because it was the first time that artifacts indisputably made by humans were found directly associated with faunal remains from an extinct form of bison from -- whichheads on the mesa, and downstream feeds into the Dry Cimarron River.Much of the work in the 1920s concentrated on the south bank of thearroyo, and that is where our most intensive excavations have takenplace. All together, over the last three field seasons, a relativelysmall area, ~17 sq. m, of the bonebed on the south bank has beencarefully examined, and yielded a concentration of bison remains,including several remarkably well-preserved crania cra��ni��a?n.A plural of cranium. (FIGURE 3), alongwith post-cranial elements (particularly vertebrae VertebraeBones in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the body that make up the vertebral column. Vertebrae have a central foramen (hole), and their superposition makes up the vertebral canal that encloses the spinal cord. , mandibles, anddistal limb elements). The recovery pattern is similar to that in the1920s, based on work with the museum collections by Meltzer and LawrenceTodd (unpublished). Noticeable by their scarcity are meat-rich longbones, suggesting these higher-yield parts were transported out of thekill area -- though whether they were taken off site, or remain on sitein an as-yet-to-be discovered adjoining habitation HABITATION, civil law. It was the right of a person to live in the house of another without prejudice to the property. 2. It differed from a usufruct in this, that the usufructuary might have applied the house to any purpose, as, a store or manufactory; whereas , remains to bedetermined. [FIGURE 1 2 & 3 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Bone preservation is exceptional, largely as a consequence of thestratigraphic context of the kill, which took place during the fallseason on a dry, dusty surface, and which -- very soon after the nearly30 carcasses were abandoned -- was blanketed in fine-grained aeolian Ae��o��li��an?adj.1. Of or relating to Aeolis or its people or culture.2. Greek Mythology Of or relating to Aeolus.3. aeolian Variant of eolian.n.1. silts. In turn, a sheet wash of gravel came over the bonebed area, whicheffectively armoured the deposit, and was in turn buried under severalmetres of late Holocene pond deposits. As yet, no lithic lith��ic?1?adj.Consisting of or relating to stone or rock.Adj. 1. lithic - of or containing lithium2. lithic - relating to or composed of stone; "lithic sandstone" tools have been recovered in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. in the bonebed,or in our other excavations across the site, including on the NorthBank. However, waterscreening of all sediment from the bone bed (throughnested 31.75-mm and 15.875-mm mesh screens) has yielded upwards of 50pieces of microdebitage, along with a rich record of gastropods, whichare proving invaluable in reconstructing the environment at the time ofthe occupation nearly 11,000 years ago. As best can be determinedpresently, the kill at Folsom was a single episode; there is no otherPalaeoindian presence at the site. Of especial interest in the recent work is the realization thebonebed is much more extensive than previously known, and spilled out ofa tributary headcut (under the present south bank), into thepalaeochannel of Wild Horse Arroyo (under the present north bank). Thatfinding has implications for the nature and scale of the kill, now beingexplored. Analyses of recovered materials are ongoing, and additionalfieldwork is planned. References HOFMAN, J.L. 1999. Unbounded hunters: Folsom bison hunting on thesouthern Plains, circa 10500 BP, the lithic evidence, in J. Jaubert, J.Brugal, F. David & J. Enloe (ed.), Le bison: gibier et moyen desubsistance de hommes du paleolithique aux paleoindiens des grandesplaines: 383-415. Antibes: Editions APDCA. MELTZER, D.J. 1993. Search for the first Americans. Washington(DC): Smithsonian Books. DAVID J. MELTZER, Department of Anthropology, Southern MethodistUniversity, Dallas TX 75275, USA. dmeltzer@mail.smu.edu

Renoir and The Boy With The Long Hair: A Story About Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Renoir and The Boy With The Long Hair: A Story About Pierre-Auguste Renoir. RENOIR AND THE BOY WITH THE LONG HAIR: A Story About Pierre-AugusteRenoir Pierre-Auguste Renoir (February 25, 1841–December 3, 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of (2007; $14.99), by Wendy Wax. Barron's Educational Series,Inc. This is one of a series of books for children about famous artistsand the young people who knew them. Most frequently children'sbooks about artists focus upon the art forms created--their formalcharacteristics and place in the history of art. In this case, thenarrative deals with more personal family insights between a father, hisson (Jean Renoir) and everyday events in their lives. To be sure, thereare references to specific paintings (Bal du Moulin de la Galette Coordinates: The Moulin de la Galette is a windmill situated near the top of the district of Montmartre in Paris, France. , Lisewith Sunshade, The Umbrellas and Jean Renoir Sewing), but the thrust ofthe book is in realizing the personal relationships of an artist and theworld in which he lives. The author makes note that Jean Renoir becamethe celebrated film director who wrote a memoir memoirHistory or record composed from personal observation and experience. Closely related to autobiography, a memoir differs chiefly in the degree of emphasis on external events. : Renoir, My Father.Doubtless, the reading of this book will rouse greater interest inviewing the paintings of Pierre-Auguste Renoir.--J.J.H. www.barronseduc.com | circle # 399

Repatriation, display and interpretation.

Repatriation, display and interpretation. The British Museum British Museum,the national repository in London for treasures in science and art. Located in the Bloomsbury section of the city, it has departments of antiquities, prints and drawings, coins and medals, and ethnography. and the National Museum of Wales have lent thefinds from Kendrick's Cave, in Llandudno, north Wales North Wales (known in some archaic texts as Northgalis) is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. , for displayand storage at Llandudno Museum; and the British Museum has sent thefamous body from Lindow Moss, near Manchester, to be shown at theManchester Museum The Manchester Museum is owned by the University of Manchester. It is one of the top university museums in the United Kingdom. Sitting at the heart of the University's neo-Gothic buildings, it provides access to about six million items from every continent of the globe. , 100km away in England. How should metropolitan ornational museums relate to provincial museums? Should there be more suchloans? The exhibition in Manchester deliberately raises another questiontoo: how--if at all--should human remains be displayed? Comparison of the two exhibitions also reveals principles forpresentation. What should visitors expect? In Britain, what does'the public' expect of archaeology and from sites and museumsin particular (Pearce 1990: 133-97; Merriman 1991; Smith 2006: 129-58,207-72)? How should archaeologists explain themselves (Shanks &Tilley 1992: 68-99; Skeates 2000: 89-124)? The Manchester Museum hasbeen following the best meant advice about outreach but is finding itdifficult to draw visitors into current issues of heritage management. One of the reasons that these questions have emerged in England nowis the programme, Renaissance in the Regions, run by the Museums,Libraries & Archives Council. Launched in 2002, it bas inspired andsponsored investment in selected provincial museums in order to counterthe dominance of London. A review in 2005 recommended three moredevelopments (Kingshurst et al. 2005:12): to engage visitors and build'audiences'; further to develop technical'capability' for the purpose; and, on that basis, to create'new opportunities for people to enjoy collections throughinnovative and participative activities: The Council has evidentlyendorsed this recommendation. Museums, Libraries & Archives Wales(CyMAL) has been promoting equivalent development in Wales. Lindow Man Lindow Man is the name given to the naturally-preserved bog body of an Iron Age man, discovered in a peat bog at Lindow Moss, Wilmslow, Cheshire, northwest England, on 1 August 1984 by commercial peat-cutters. : a Bog Body bog bodyAny of an informal collection of some 700 variously preserved human remains found over the past 200 years in natural peat bogs, mostly in western Europe. The bodies, including the soft tissues and the stomach contents, remain preserved because of the anaerobic fluid Mystery opened on 19 April 2008 and runsuntil 19 April 2009. Llandudno's exhibition opened on 1 April 2008and runs, in its present form, until 28 September 2008. The exhibits Both exhibitions are small. Llandudno's comprises three cases;and, at Manchester, the archaeological material is limited to Lindow Manhimself and a handful of other finds. Thomas Kendrick's finds of bones and implements were made in1879-80, as he converted a small cave overlooking Llandudno into aworkshop, replete with a shopfront taken from the main commercial street(where some of the dainty Victorian ironwork remains in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. , betterpreserved than Kendrick's). The town was booming as an affluentbeach resort and Kendrick had set up in the souvenir trade. One of hisclients was a colleague of W.B. Dawkins, who confirmed that the findsare ancient ('Neolithic'; Eskrigge 1880). FollowingKendrick's death, they were dispersed but then graduallyreassembled at the British Museum, including the decorated mandible mandible/man��di��ble/ (man��di-b'l) the horseshoe-shaped bone forming the lower jaw, articulating with the skull at the temporomandibular joint.mandib��ular man��di��blen. of ahorse, which was salvaged from a junk shop Noun 1. junk shop - a shop that sells cheap secondhand goodsshop, store - a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services; "he bought it at a shop on Cape Cod"junk shopn → . The mandible has been ondisplay in the British Museum since but the rest of the finds were putin storage. A radiocarbon date of about 10 000 BP has been obtained fromthe mandible (Gillespie et al. 1985: 238); and chemical analysis of thehuman bone has elucidated the diet (see Richards et al. 2006). At Llandudno, the first case holds the finds from Kendrick'sCave: four human bones, including part of a skull; animal teeth withroots incised, apparently as decoration; deer bones dyed with red ochre Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced /'əʊk.ə/, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. It has been used worldwide since prehistoric times. and scored with incisions like tallies; and the horse mandible carvedwith chevrons. The other cases put Kendrick's discoveries incontext. In the second are prehistoric finds from other local sites,including the loans from the National Museum of Wales: from the littleUpper Cave, a few metres above Kendrick's own, excavated by thelate Tom Stone in the 1970s, teeth, implements of flint, antler andbone, and potsherds; other finds of Stone's from Pant y Wennol, inthe same district, scored animal bone, microliths and Neolithic stonetools and potsherds, and part of a Neolithic skull; stone axeheads; ahammer, rough-out and flakes from the Graig Llwyd axe factory; and thefragment of an ancient tree found off-shore. The third case is part ofthe museum's permanent display, refurbished for the occasion andshowing, among other finds, the Sychnant bronze hoard, and, stained withthe verdigris verdigris(vûr`dəgrēs'), one of three copper acetates: blue verdigris, Cu(CH3COO)2·CuO·6H2O; green verdigris, 2Cu(CH3COO)2·CuO·6H2 of the Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the mine on the Great Orme The Great Orme (Welsh: Y Gogarth or Pen y Gogarth) is a prominent limestone headland on the north coast of Wales situated in Llandudno. An earlier Welsh name is Creuddyn, and it is also referred to as Cyngreawdr Fynydd , above Llandudno,stone hammers and fragmentary animal rib tools. Some of Kendrick's finds were kept for a while by members ofthe Llandudno, Colwyn Bay Colwyn Bay(kôl`wĭn), Welsh Bae Colwyn, town (1991 pop. 27,002), Conwy, N Wales. It is a popular seaside resort. Colwyn Bay has an amusement park, several theaters, a zoo, a botanic garden, and the Pwllychrochan Woods. & District Field Club, which flourishedfor about 50 years from 1906. It ensured the preservation of the passagegrave passage graven.A Neolithic tomb consisting of a passageway and burial chamber made of large upright stones capped with other large stones, originally buried in an earthen mound. on the Great Orme and the stele stele(stē`lē), slab of stone or terra-cotta, usually oblong, set up in a vertical position, for votive or memorial purposes. Upon the slabs were carved inscriptions accompanied by ornamental designs or reliefs of particular significance. at Tyddyn Holland. The return ofKendrick's finds has prompted Llandudno Museum to make a permanentdisplay of the Club's collection. Evidently, some of them did passthrough the hands of the Club's members but the display shows that,true to the time, their interests were eclectic: a gold stater picked upat the Pen Dinas Pen Dinas is the name of a hill just south of Aberystwyth on the coast of Ceredigion, Wales and the name of the extensive Iron Age hill fort situated on it. The southern summit is also where in the Bronze Age a burial mound was erected. hillfort in 1924 is almost lost among fossils, insectsand ethnographic curios of tropical tours. The Lindow Man--more personally, 'Lindow Man', in andaround Manchester (not 'Pete Marsh', formerly the favouritearchaeological monicker mon��i��keror mon��ick��er ?n. SlangA personal name or nickname.[Probably from Shelta munik, name, possibly alteration of Irish Gaelic ainm, from Old Irish; see )--is a body found preserved in a peat bog nearthe city in 1984. In its matrix, it was lifted and eventually taken tothe British Museum for excavation and preservation. It was interpretedas Iron Age in date (Stead et al. 1986). It is kept at the BritishMuseum now, normally on permanent display. The present loan of Lindow Man to Manchester is the third. Thefirst, in 1987, prompted a popular campaign, 'we want youback', but he was returned to London on the grounds that the bodyis of national interest and that Manchester could not ensurepreservation. The second was in 1991, when the results of research onthe body were presented. Other than the body, the present exhibitiondisplays only 15 Iron Age finds, from the Manchester Museum's owncollection and lent by the British Museum. Selected as generic culturalcontext, they include the mirror from Aston, Hertfordshire Aston is a village and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 844. Located in Hertfordshire on a ridge between the new-town of Stevenage and the Beane Valley, the village of Aston is just 10 , and theshield boss A shield boss is a round, or conical piece of material at the center of a shield. Shield bosses (or sometimes, just "bosses") are usually made of thick metal but could also be made of wood. from the River Thames at Wandsworth. Yet, likeLlandudno's cabinet for the Field Club, there are lots of exhibitsapart from the archaeology. Before reviewing this method of presentationand the consternation that it is causing, let us consider the two otherissues that arise in both Manchester and Llandudno. With whom do finds belong? Repatriation RepatriationThe process of converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country.Notes:If you are American, converting British Pounds back to U.S. dollars is an example of repatriation. has long been contentious between nations, andarguments have sprung up, more recently, within countries as well. Theusual conditions for returning finds are now four: acknowledgement oflegal or moral claims; organisational or administrative cooperation;adequate standards of preservation at the intended destination and/or,in transit; and cost. The story of the Elgin Marbles Elgin Marbles(ĕl`gĭn), ancient sculptures taken from Athens to England in 1806 by Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin; other fragments exist in several European museums. suggests that anyof the first three are susceptible to political influence; but there hasbeen growing agreement about the return of archaeological andethnographic bodies and artefacts to ethnic minorities. Archaeological context In archaeology, not only the context (physical location) of a discovery is a significant fact, but the formation of the context is as well. An archaeological context is an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record. is all, we say. So, allowing for the need topreserve once they are removed (Greenfield 2007:315, 336), perhaps findsmake best sense in a site museum or, failing that, better sense in alocal museum than away in the capital. Surely they make best sense tooamidst their respective assemblages. How, indeed, can finds legitimatelybe abstracted from their local context? Or, considering the rarity ofsuch Palaeolithic material in Britain, is it fair to argue that theycould better be kept in Cardiff, capital of Wales The Capital of Wales is a de facto designation usually applied to Cardiff since 1955. In that year, the Minister for Welsh Affairs Gwilym Lloyd-George commented in a Parliamentary written answer that "no formal measures are necessary to give effect to this decision". , or, indeed, in theBritish capital; or why not Brussels or Rome, as capitals of Europe?Against these arguments, it could be said that many kinds ofarchaeological find are so rare that they have to be shown incomparative context. There has been much debate about the claims of descendants,especially in the USA, and, by now, there is some considerableexperience in responding to them (Smith 2004; for Britain, see MGC MGC Mammalian Gene CollectionMGC Media Gateway ControllerMGC Middle Georgia CollegeMGC Museums and Galleries Commission (UK government)MGC Mississippi Gaming CommissionMGC Manual Gain Control 2000). The Manchester Museum, for one, has returned Aboriginal skulls toAustralia (Greenfield 2007: 304). The principles for artefacts arecommonly regarded as distinct from the issue over human remains. Forfinds other than human remains, archaeologists can argue that they haveprior claim to keep them on the grounds of technical expertise, but thatdoes not convince everyone (Shanks & Tilley 1992). Communities thatdo demonstrate effective descent have succeeded in reclaiming historicalor ethnographic artefacts in recent years (Greenfield 2007: 305-20,327-8). There has been less attention to regional or localconstituencies less recognised by metropolitan or provincial authoritiesand interests. Few archaeologists accept that earnest 'pagan'practices at 'sacred sites' generate 'affiliation with... prehistoric communities' (Wallis 2003: 189) but is itreasonable to claim affinity or identity with finds by virtue of livingwhere they were discovered, as urged recently for the Pazyryk 'IcePrincess' or finds in Yorkshire and Mexico (Page 2004; Cyphers& Morales-Cano 2006; Smith 2006: 254-64)? The principle of heritage offers another argument for placingfinds. This one depends as much on defining the inheritors as on theattributes and associations of the finds in themselves. Whether, then,on the grounds of science, of rarity, of symbolism or of beauty, thesignificance of Kendrick's finds may be national as well as local;and, on that basis, they could aptly be shown in the most populous placein the country (however define& Cardiff or London). A similarargument was sometimes urged for keeping the Elgin Marbles in Londonrather than returning them to Greece: London was accessible to morepeople; but, from about 1970, this one was weakened by the ease of airtravel. Indeed, domestic travel has become so much quicker that theBritish Museum has put a label by Lindow Man's empty case tosuggest that visitors can see how Manchester is displaying him. As for preservation, standards have improved at many Britishmuseums within the past 20 years. The Manchester Museum completed majorrefurbishment in 2003; and the Llandudno Museum's facilities havebeen improved too. The British Museum now has little technical reasonfor hesitating to send Lindow Man or Kendrick's finds to therespective local museums, or, indeed, to lend them to many others. Without citing any one of these arguments in particular, twoBritish schemes have produced ways to resolve or defuse some of theissue about where to display finds. In 2001, the Welsh governmentlaunched Sharing Treasures to provide for exchanges of museum exhibits,alongside a scheme for circulating works in art galleries. As MortimerWheeler Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA (September 10, 1890 Glasgow – July 22, 1976 London), was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century. observed, at the National Museum of Wales, communication betweenWales' districts is difficult. Under Sharing Treasures, theNational Museum has contributed to the exhibition at Llandudno. In 2003,the British Museum started Partnership UK for sending exhibits of itsown on tour, and this scheme has provided the principal items both atLlandudno and for Lindow Man. To Llandudno, as well as the exhibits, theBritish Museum has lent its whole collection of Kendrick's finds.The horse mandible will return to London but the rest will stay inLlandudno for 5-10 years and perhaps for good. Lindow Man features an interview with J.D. Hill, formerly theBritish Museum's curator of archaeology. Asked whether recentrestitutions to communities abroad provide a precedent for restoringremains to places within the UK, he is evasive: Lindow Man is so unusualthat the body must be treated as "an Everyman', not theproperty of any one group (transcript, p. 27). Yet it is easy to imaginethat, had it been found 50km away in north Wales, nationalists couldhave succeeded in keeping it at the National Museum of Wales rather thanin London. Display of human remains Against the argument for scientific neutrality, it is sometimesurged that certain objects should be treated with special respect oreven withheld from view altogether. Examples include ceremonialartefacts belonging to indigenous peoples in the USA and Australia; butthe strongest arguments have now been made for the remains of indigenouspeople in the USA, where museums no longer expect to show them at all(Greenfield 2007: 340). The World Archaeological Congress The World Archaeological Congress (WAC) is a non-governmental, not-for-profit organization which promotes world archaeology.Established in 1986, WAC holds an international Congress every four years to promote the exchange of results from archaeological research; professional urged the needfor respect in its Vermillion Accord (1989) and then adopted the TamakiMakau-rau Accord on the Display of Human Remains & Sacred Objects Sacred ObjectsArk of the Covenantgilded wooden chest in which God’s presence dwelt when communicating with the people. [O.T. (2006). For Britain, Lindow Man has prompted strenuous comments about howto show human remains and--belatedly, perhaps--whether to show them atall. The implications stretch well beyond archaeology and some of theissues are being explored widely in England at present. During the firstperiod of Lindow Man, the Manchester Museum of Science & Industryput on Gunther von Hagens' travelling show, Body Worlds, and adebate about the two exhibitions was held in Manchester in May. InLondon, at the same time, the Wellcome Collection exhibited photographsof people dying and recently deceased, while Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper,name given to an unidentified late-19th-century murderer in London, England. From Aug. to Nov., 1888, he was responsible for the death and mutilation of at least seven female prostitutes in the East End section of London. (Museum inDocklands The Museum in Docklands, which is an offshoot of the Museum of London, tells the story of London's Docklands. It opened in 2003 and is located in a group of grade I listed early 19th century sugar warehouses on the side of West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs, a couple of minutes ) is showing frank images of the Victorian murderer'svictims. The International Council on Museums addressed the display ofhuman remains in a code of ethics in 1987. The British government, forits part, issued recommendations in 2005 (DCMS (Digital Content Management System) See DAMS. 2005). In early 2008, theMuseum of London The Museum of London documents the history of London from the Palaeolithic to the present day. The museum is located in a 1970s building close to the Barbican Centre, approximately 10 minutes' walk north of St Paul's Cathedral and admission is free. put a 'human remains questionnaire' toteachers using its 'London before London' gallery; and theBritish Association for Biological Anthropology Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. & Osteoarchaeologywas developing a code of ethics at the time of writing. There is no compunction at Llandudno, where the human bones fromKendrick's Cave are displayed in bright light with the rest of theassemblage. At Manchester, on the other hand, Lindow Man is presented ina case of the kind that he occupies at the British Museum but lit verydimly, certainly more dimly than necessary for preservation (B.Sitchpers. comm. 2008). The effect is to make us pause briefly as weadjust sight; a moment which, perhaps, allows us to ask ourselves why wepeer so closely. Part of the fascination may be that Lindow Man looksmore like a person than a mere skeleton, let alone disarticulated bones.The negotiation for Lindow Man's present stay in Manchester tookthree years. In planning the exhibition itself, the Museum consultedcarefully. At the same time and also on the basis of consultation, itdrew up a policy of its own on human remains, including provision for'appropriate, sensitive and informative' display (ManchesterMuseum n.d.: 10); and, now that Lindow Man is open, the principle hasbeen applied to the ancient Egyptian mummies on permanent display in itsmain gallery. Each bas been covered over with white sheets (but notKhnum Nakht's skeleton). Blatantly at odds with everything aroundthem, they confront us. "To see these bodies is an exceptional privilege' statesa notice in the permanent gallery: 'Tell us what you think'.Paper is provided for writing comments both there and in Lindow Man.Plenty of children are responding (e.g. 'wow that man is soo cool,how old is he?') but more interesting, for the evidence of acquiredassumptions, are the remarks of older visitors: 'it is very crucialthat museums display the dead. It is both of interest to people as wellas helping to break down the barriers ... separating the dead from theliving'; or 'please, please uncover the mummy!!! This is amuseum!!! for goodness sake!!' In the interview about Lindow Man, J.D. Hill asserts that, in itsgrowing sensitivity, the museum profession is 'in front of popularopinion' (transcript, p. 9). Museums also made this kind of claim ageneration ago, in updating methods of presentation. Brothwell (2008:227) reports that a new display of the Grauballe body at Moesgard makesthe British Museum's presentation of the Lindow body look"limp'; but it is difficult to imagine that the Museum couldchange its presentation much, since the gallery there was extensivelyremodelled only in 2006-7. Context and interpretation Would it be best, then, to let the body stay in Manchester? Werethat done, the Manchester Museum too would have to think more about howto present it. Apart from the ethics, Lindow Man has to be presented cautiouslybecause he really is 'a ... Mystery'. The body seems to havebeen placed precisely to consign consignv. 1) to deliver goods to a merchant to sell on behalf of the party delivering the items, as distinguished from transferring to a retailer at a wholesale price for re-sale. Example: leaving one's auto at a dealer to sell and split the profit. it to the wilderness; it lackscontextual evidence. Doubt remains as to whether he was executed (Steadet al. 1986: 178). Even the date is in doubt. That the first radiocarbondeterminations were consistent with the Iron Age seems to have let usimagine that Lindow Man was sacrificed to the water--perhaps by druids(Stead et al. 1986:180); bur further samples indicated the first centuryAD (Gowlett et al. 1989). So should the museum have selected Romanmaterial to accompany the body? Consider the interpretive implications! Partly in view of these technical doubts, evidently partly to showhow, in general, archaeological interpretation depends on makingassumptions, and partly too to acknowledge the pathos that gathered soquickly around the corpse in the mid 1980s, the Museum has tried toexpose the archaeological reasoning, the bases of epistemologicalauthority and even the roots of today's local lore by presentingthe views of people who were involved, directly or indirectly, in thediscovery of the body, the research on it, and the subsequent effort tomake sense of it. The Llandudno Museum has taken the trouble to explainprinciples of archaeological inference in a file that visitors can readin the gallery. It is offered there as optional background. AtManchester, however, the issue is made unavoidable. For Bryan Sitch, thecurator, Lindow Man is about knowledge (pers. comm. 2008). CompareLlandudno's display on the Field Club: do we distinguisharchaeology from other researches, how is knowledge produced, and onwhat assumptions does learning depend? Manchester's answer is'post-modern': arising from diverse social and culturalcontexts, there are various ways to know anything, and each may beequally valid. The first things First Things is a monthly ecumenical journal concerned with the creation of a "religiously informed public philosophy for the ordering of society" (First Things website). we see at Lindow Man are the portraits of sevenpeople whose interviews about the body are presented on audio-tapes andin transcripts. On moving into the gallery, we meet, first, thearchaeologist, Don Brothwell, who led part of the research, and thenAndrew Mould, the peat cutter who first found the body, with hisbrother. Next we find Melanie Giles, archaeology lecturer at ManchesterUniversity; and then Susan Chadwick, a local girl in 1984, who remembersthe excitement greeting Lindow Man on his first return. Next comes EmmaRestall Orr, founder of the Druid DruidMember of a learned class of priests, teachers, and judges among the ancient Celtic peoples. The Druids instructed young men, oversaw sacrifices, judged quarrels, and decreed penalties; they were exempt from warfare and paid no tribute. Network; and then Sitch and Hill. Eachis illustrated by exhibits, laboratory equipment for Prof. Brothwell,for instance, tools and a toy mechanical digger for the Moulds, a teddybear and pin-ups of pop stars for Ms Chadwick, for Emma Restall Orr acrow and a wand; and there are books, Anne Ross and Miranda Green, Steadet al. (1986), Living Druidry, Gerard's Herbal, Girard'sViolence and the Sacred, Ted Hughes. There are lots of books andarticles to browse too as well as the transcripts. The exhibition is arranged in four cells. Lindow Man is in themiddle one. The body is lit so dimly, indeed, that it is difficult todistinguish against the peat that stained his skin. Like the MoesgardMuseum's new display (Brothwell 2008: 227), the archaeologicalfinds are separate from the body, in the last cell. The cells are mockedup like a stage set: hard to describe concisely, they evoke perhaps theracks in a museum's basement store or the sort of temporaryquarters that archaeologists often have to work in. The design doessuggest work in progress, a provisional state of mind. Suffering 'cognitive dissonance', many visitors aredismayed: the exhibition is 'not celebrating', reads oneremark on the comments pages; 'appalling; indeed, 'To havesuch an important part of our history hidden away amongst selving andirrelevant items and artefacts' [sic]. Comparison with Llandudnoshows that the issue is as to which framework of knowledge is'relevant'. Although done quietly, the method of'distancing' visitors from the assumptions with which manyevidently do enter is like that of the dramatist, Berthold Brecht; andthe exhibition's artful contradictions accord well with therecommendations of Shanks & Tilley (1992: 98-9) on how to show findsso as to allow or encourage the creative response envisaged by Merriman(1991--who is now the Manchester Museum's director) and Skeates(2000) and witnessed by Smith (2006). The National Museum of Wales too is now trying to open archaeologyout: 'what do you think?' (Edge 2008: 53); but intellectualwork can be difficult or even disturbing; and, not unreasonably,'the public' tends to expect archaeologists to pronounce asexperts (Skeates 2000: 123). It can be dispiriting too, Sitch points out(pers. comm. 2008), to receive as much criticism as the ManchesterMuseum is getting. Pearce (1990: 169) warns that, in order to makesense, an exhibition's norms have to be compatible with whatvisitors expect. Perhaps a dozen words could be added to the portraitsat the start of Lindaw Man to explain that this exceptional, tantalising Adj. 1. tantalising - arousing desire or expectation for something unattainable or mockingly out of reach; "a tantalizing taste of success"tantalizinginviting - attractive and tempting; "an inviting offer"2. body is difficult for anyone to interpret, and that the exhibition is aninvitation to help with understanding archaeology. Next questions Are archaeological corpses just finds? One pantheistic pan��the��ism?n.1. A doctrine identifying the Deity with the universe and its phenomena.2. Belief in and worship of all gods.pan , lesshumanistic strand of 'pagan' thought posits that people belongto their environments. The implication would be that Lindow Man doesbelong in or near Manchester; and that it is apt that the body should bedifficult to distinguish from the peat. Another implication could bethat we should think more, as archaeologists do with artefacts, aboutthose who put him there (Stead et al. 1986: 176-80). Improvements in standards of preservation at provincial museumshave weakened the case for keeping the most delicate or valuable findsat national institutions. Will there be a shift by next year, when thepresent loan ends, from 1987's judgement about where to keep LindowMan; and, as for Kendrick's finds, could we hope that keeping themback in Llandudno will encourage study? As J.D. Hill points out in theinterview (transcript, p. 28), it is difficult to move a fragile item;it can be very expensive too; but transport infrastructure has improvedsince 1984. Yet if, as Bryan Sitch remarks (transcript, p. 29), valuesor priorities vary from region to region (and funds permitting), couldthe issue of repatriation be avoided in future by keeping some of themost interesting finds on tour? In 1998, Lindow Man was shown inCardiff. Other than students, should a museum challenge its visitors? Publiclife in Britain badly needs the imaginative quality of critique offeredby Lindaw Man. Llandudno Museum is independent but its interpretivecreativity could be constrained by its heavy reliance on the localauthority. The Manchester Museum is part of Manchester (Victoria)University. Critical thought is what universities are for. Yet theManchester Museum too has to be careful: its founding collection wasadopted from the Manchester Natural History Society and no other museumserves the city's local interests; neither the Museum nor theUniversity in general are insensitive to public image--far from it; andthe Museum has accepted 'Designation' by the Museums,Libraries & Archives Council, which promotes public participation. On whose terms, though, should people in the regions be'engaged' (as Kingshurst et al. [2005] put it)? If they wantto keep finds, presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. they must acknowledge, on one hand,professional guidance about preservation and face up, on the other, tointerpretive issues. Yet, despite growing public scepticism aboutprofessionalism in general, the common presumption of authority grantedto archaeologists does persist widely in the UK if not elsewhere (seeSmith 2006). Despite decades of sociological research we still knowlittle about how learning can grow from leisure. It is vital, for anymuseum, that challenges such as Lindow Man's should be understood.Once the smoke clears, next year, Manchester will have valuableexperience to share. Acknowledgements I benefited from discussion or correspondence with Richard Hughes(Llandudno Museum), with Bryan Sitch, Gurdeep Thiara and Malcolm Chapman(Manchester Museum), with Daniel Clarke, Carole Pegg and John Robb(Cambridge University), Fiona Henderson (Tavistock Institute) and HannahBoulton (British Museum), and from the help of Timothy Manley and AnnaBunney and colleagues (Manchester Museum). For comments on an earlierdraft of these remarks, I am grateful to John Goldsmith (CromwellMuseum) and Marie-Louise Sorensen (Cambridge University). The blame forany errors of factor judgement is mine. References BROTHWELL, D. 2008. Review. Antiquity 82: 227-8. CYPHERS, A. & L. MORALES-CANO. 2006. Community museums in theSan Lorenzo Tenochtitlan region, Mexico, in H. Silverman(ed.)Archaeological Site Museums in Latin America: 30-46. Gainesville(FL): University Press of Florida. DCMS. 2005. Guidance for the Care of Human Remains in Museums.London: Department for Culture, Media & Sport. EDGE, J. 2008. Origins: in search of early Wales. Museums Journal(March): 52-3. ESKRIGGE, R.A. 1880. Notes on human skeletons and traces of humanworkmanship found in a cave at Llandudno. Proceedings of the LiverpoolGeological Society 4(2): 153-5. GILLESPlE, R., J.A.J. GOWLETT, E.T. HALL, R.E.M. HEDGES & C.PERRY. 1985. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS AMS - Andrew Message System system: archaeometrydatelist 2. Archaeometry 27: 237-46. GOWLETT, J.A.J., R.E.M. HEDGES & I.A. LAW. 1989. Radiocarbonaccelerator dating of Lindow Man. Antiquity 63: 71-9. GREENFIELD, J. 2007. The Return of Cultural Treasures (3rd ed.).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). . Kingshurst Consulting Group, Anne Murch & Assctes. & GabyPorter & Assctes. 2005. Review & Consultation on theImplementation of Renaissance in the Regions (ms.). Manchester Museum. n.d.. Policy Document for the StrategicDevelopment of the Manchester Museum: Policy on Human Remains.Manchester Museum. MERRIMAN, N. 1991. Beyond the Glass Case: the Past, the Heritage,and the Public in Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press. MGC. 2000. Restitution and Repatriation: Guidelines for GoodPractice. London: Museums & Galleries Commission. PAGE, J. 2004. Siberia mummy gets the blame for earthquakes. Times(2 April). PEARCE, S. 1990. Archaeological Curatorship. London: LeicesterUniversity Press. RICHARDS, M.P., R. JACOBI, C. STRINGER, P.B. PETTIT & J. COOK.2006. Marine diets in the European late Upper Paleolithic: a reply toBocherens & Drucker (2006). Journal of Human Evolution 51 : 443-4. SHANKS, M. & C. TILLEY. 1992. Re-constructing Archaeology:Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. SKEATES, R. 2000. Debating the Archaeological Heritage. London:Duckworth. SMITH, L. 2004. The repatriation of human remains--problem oropportunity? Antiquity 78: 403-13. --2006. Uses of Heritage. Abingdon: Routledge. STEAD, I.M., J.B.BOVRKE & D. BROTHWELL. 1986. Lindow Man: the Body in the Bog.London: British Museum. WALLIS, R.J. 2003. Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, AlternativeArchaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge. N. James, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge,Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK ANTIQUITY 82 (2008): 770-777

Repenting of theology.

Repenting of theology. J. Harold Ellens Sex in the Bible Sex occurs frequently in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, with extensive laws regulating it. Biblical ReferencesHam's actions in Genesis 9:20-25, are debated upon because of the vagueness of the script, but some interpret it as Ham doing something sexual with his : A New Consideration Praeger 2006, 216 pp. $44.95 Sex in the Bible is a refreshingly contemporary consideration of a cluster of themes that are usually treated quite separately. We are used to learning about the history of the text of the Old and New Testaments from modern Bible scholars; about the nature of human sexuality This article is about human sexual perceptions. For information about sexual activities and practices, see Human sexual behavior. Generally speaking, human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. from psychologists and anthropologists; about the history of laws and proscriptions against various kinds of sexual behavior sexual behaviorA person's sexual practices–ie, whether he/she engages in heterosexual or homosexual activity. See Sex life, Sexual life. such as adultery, homosexuality, sodomy sodomyNoncoital carnal copulation. Sodomy is a crime in some jurisdictions. Some sodomy laws, particularly in Middle Eastern countries and those jurisdictions observing Shari'ah law, provide penalties as severe as life imprisonment for homosexual intercourse, even if the , incest, and rape from legal scholars or older-fashioned Bible scholars. And we usually expect to be taught about "healthy sexuality" by psychologists or pastors who interact with us in therapeutic settings or by card-carrying preachers who speak to us mainly from pulpits. But Dr. J. Harold Ellens, who is at once a scholar, psychologist, and pastor, has brought all these points of view together in this very readable book and has woven them together with great skill, warmth, and charm. Here you will learn something about the history of the text of the Old and New Testaments, and about the evolution of the sex laws from Deuteronomy to Leviticus to the New Testament and into later Christian thought. Here you will find a refreshingly clear-headed view of sexuality as an essential part of God's design for the world, as an inseparable aspect of God as Love. The author moves with great ease from considerations of what the Biblical texts must have meant to the people who wrote them down and to their contemporaries for whom they were intended, to considerations of what the texts should mean for us today. His writing is full of information and learning but it is informed always by the warmth and healing intention he has developed as a practicing pastor and psychologist. Starting with Genesis 1:27, "And God created man in His image, in the very image of God He created him; male and female created He them," Ellens asserts that the Bible sees human gender and sexuality as an aspect of God's own likeness. He debunks various common prejudices about the Bible's view of sexual matters: he argues that the Bible sees lovemaking love��mak��ing?n.1. Sexual activity, especially sexual intercourse.2. Courtship; wooing.lovemakingNoun1. as joyful and natural and positive [Chapter 5]; and that it is not only for procreation PROCREATION. The generation of children; it is an act authorized by the law of nature: one of the principal ends of marriage is the procreation of children. Inst. tit. 2, in pr. [Chap. 6]. He corrects the misconception that the Bible vilifies homosexuality and he argues convincingly that such vilification would be out of keeping with fundamental doctrinal views of the Bible [Chapters 11 and 12]. He includes a very clear-headed treatment of Biblical laws about adultery and the status of women [Chapters 8 and 9], monogamy monogamy:see marriage. [Chapter 10], and various kinds of "bad sex" such as incest, sodomy, bestiality BestialitySee also Perversion.AsteriusMinotaur born to Pasiphaë and Cretan Bull. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 34]Ledaraped by Zeus in form of swan. [Gk. Myth. , pedophilia pedophilia,psychosexual disorder in which there is a preference for sexual activity with prepubertal children. Pedophiles are almost always males. The children are more often of the opposite sex (about twice as often) and are typically 13 years or age or younger; , necrophilia necrophilia/nec��ro��phil��ia/ (nek?ro-fil��e-ah) sexual attraction to or sexual contact with dead bodies. nec��ro��phil��i��an.1. , and rape [Chapter 13]. He concludes with a discussion of the Bible's view of God as Love, and of love and healthy sexual expression as part of God's design for the world. It is an aspect of the Old Testament notion of "Shalom" which, Ellens writes, is "the full-orbed and total peace and prosperity in body, mind, and soul that God intends every human being to achieve and enjoy for all of life." By the time most of us are able to begin thinking about the interface between religion, psychology, and spirituality, we are already weighted down with an enormous amount of doctrinal baggage. The Bible is part of that baggage, and so is the liturgy in which we were raised; and of course most of us have internalized the norms of our contemporary society so completely that we can no longer even recognize them as baggage. So to think about these things clearly is difficult, but Dr. Ellens does it here. He helps us to unpack See pack. all the baggage and sort the contents. He explains clearly and convincingly why many of the ideas about sex and human relations which we read in the Bible are no longer relevant and may therefore be discarded. But he also shows us how the most important things packed into the baggage are still useful and will help us in our journey through life. The book includes a bibliography and index and so can serve well both as a highly readable introductory text on the topics covered and as a useful starting point for further research.

Replacing our pattern of universal discord.

Replacing our pattern of universal discord. Abstract Throughout his lifespan, Korzybski worked to un-conceal theunderlying assumptions of the "civilization civilization,culture with a relatively high degree of elaboration and technical development. The term civilization also designates that complex of cultural elements that first appeared in human history between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago. " of his day and totest them against his multilingual mul��ti��lin��gual?adj.1. Of, including, or expressed in several languages: a multilingual dictionary.2. experiencing. Eventually he showedthat the logical construct of identity, which he glossed as"absolute sameness in all respects," forms the basis of manyof the problems he saw; and he proposed that we regard it as nevervalid, untenable, and cease relying on it as a fundamental postulate postulate:see axiom. .Unfortunately, Korzybski neither told nor showed us how to do that. I pick up where Korzybski left off. I found a previouslyunsuspected usage of identity in the Western Indo-European (WIE WIE Windows Internet ExplorerWIE With Immediate Effect (FAA)WiE Winning Is EverythingWIE Wideband Interface EquipmentWIE Wireless Intellimouse Explorer ) grammarwhich leads to life-endangering survival-errors. WIE language-users whodo not understand these issues behave as though the world exists as acomplex of isolated systems; act as though possessed of "absolutecertainty"; and fail to detect their errors. While working toeliminate these errors from my own symbolizing sym��bol��ize?v. sym��bol��ized, sym��bol��iz��ing, sym��bol��iz��esv.tr.1. To serve as a symbol of: , I have revised WIEmathematical, physical, biological, and psycho-social theories, amongothers.

"You love all that exists ... all things are yours, God, lover of life ..." (1): a pastoral letter on the Christian ecological imperative.

"You love all that exists ... all things are yours, God, lover of life ..." (1): a pastoral letter on the Christian ecological imperative. SOCIAL AFFAIRS COMMISSION Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops October 4, 2003 Feast of St. Francis of Assisi (Patron Saint patron saintSaint to whose protection and intercession a person, society, church, place, profession, or activity is dedicated. The choice is usually made on the basis of some real or presumed relationship (e.g., St. for Ecology) 1. The beauty and grandeur of nature touches each one of us. Frompanoramic vistas to the tiniest living form, nature is a constant sourceof wonder and awe. It is also a continuing revelation of the divine.Humans live within a vast community of life on earth. In the Jewish andChristian religious traditions, God is first described as the Creatorwho, as creation proceeded, "saw that it was good." (2)God's love for all that exists was wondrously evident then, remainsso now, and invites the active response of humankind. 2. To enter into ever-deeper relationship with God--this"Lover of Life"--entails striving to develop right relationswith nature and with other human beings. But life on earth today isplagued with an unprecedented and accelerating ecological crisis An ecological crisis occurs when the environment of a species or a population changes in a way that destabilizes its continued survival. There are many possible causes of such crises: .Deforestation deforestationProcess of clearing forests. Rates of deforestation are particularly high in the tropics, where the poor quality of the soil has led to the practice of routine clear-cutting to make new soil available for agricultural use. , species extinction, climate change, ecosystem collapse,contamination of air and water, and soil erosion are just a few of theenormous ecological problems which we face in Canada and elsewhere inour world. How many of us remember a childhood spent playing under thesun, a beach we were once able to swim at, a river we were once able todrink from--but no more! The closing of the once overwhelminglybountiful cod fishery the business of fishing for cod.See also: Cod in Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador, province, CanadaNewfoundland and Labrador(ny`fənlənd, ny is aparticularly painful example of this crisis. Indeed, every region hasbeen affected in some negative manner. Environmental health concerns arefrequent, arising from the Sydney Tar Ponds The Sydney Tar Ponds are a Canadian hazardous waste site on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.Located on the eastern shore of Sydney Harbour in the former city of Sydney (now amalgamated into the Cape Breton Regional Municipality), the Tar Ponds form a tidal estuary at the in Nova Scotia to urban smogalerts in Toronto or Montreal, from contaminated mine sites in northernSaskatchewan and the Northwest Territories to the safety of food thatevery Canadian family will eat. 3. God's glory is revealed in the natural world, yet we humansare presently destroying creation. In this light, the ecological crisisis also a profoundly religious crisis. In destroying creation we arelimiting our ability to know and love God. "The ecological crisisis a moral issue" and "the responsibility of everyone,"says Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II) born Karol J��zef Wojtyła(helpinfo). (3) "Care for the environment is not anoption. In the Christian perspective, it forms an integral part of ourpersonal life and of life in society. Not to care for the environment isto ignore the Creator's plan for all of creation and results in analienation of the human person." (4) A RELIGIOUS RESPONSE Praise be my Lord for our brother the wind, and for air and cloud, calms and all weather, by which you uphold life in all creatures. --St. Francis of Assisi, The Canticle of the Sun 4. Throughout history, each people's religious beliefs haveconditioned their relationship to their environment. Some Christianshave developed the ecological acumen of saints. Others seem to havemisinterpreted the Genesis account to "subdue" the earth andestablish "dominion" over all living things Living Things may refer to: Life, or things in nature that are alive Living Things (band), a St. Louis musical group Living Things (album) by Matthew Sweet . Pope John Paul IIhas emphasized the need for "ecological conversion," (5) andwe are encouraged that many Christian traditions are responding activelyto the ecological crisis. They have recognized that churches haveinsufficiently come to grips with how aspects of Christian theology Noun 1. Christian theology - the teachings of Christian churchesfree grace, grace of God, grace - (Christian theology) the free and unmerited favor or beneficence of God; "God's grace is manifested in the salvation of sinners"; "there but for the grace of God go andtradition are implicated in the Western capitalist development modelwhich has led to so much ecological ruin (6) (not to mention theecological disasters left by communist regimes). Christians are miningbiblical and theological resources in order to gain insight into"eco-justice" issues. Others are collaborating by forming newecumenical and interfaith alliances. The work to highlight a theology ofcreation that directs us towards the proper relationship between God andthe entire earth community is most timely and appreciated, both withinthe churches and increasingly among environmental activists. (7) 5. All spiritual traditions speak of the marvels of the earth: theoverwhelming beauty, the vast array of creatures, the complex andinterconnected weave of ecosystems. They also teach respect for theearth and call humans to live within its limits. Certainly the Christiantradition Christian traditions are traditions of practice or belief associated with Christianity.The term has several connected meanings. In terms of belief, traditions are generally stories or history that are or were widely accepted without being part of Christian doctrine. has both biblical and theological resources that could deterhumans from further ecological ruin. Biblical teachings are rich withecological guidance and wisdom. The bible has abundant images thatconnect the earth to God, and teach about God; the wind, water, soil,seeds, trees, birds, sheep. Many passages speak of the need to respectthe land, for example. (8) The metaphors of planting and tending,pruning and harvesting are used to speak of God and of life. Themagnificent story of Job is a reminder that God loves and tends to allof creation. (9) The rainbow, set by God in the clouds, "recallsthe Covenant between myself and you and every living creature of everykind that is found on the earth." (10) 6. The bible also teaches about an equitable distribution ofresources, including sharing land, animals and water. This insistence onjustice is often directed towards distributing the bounty of the earthand providing for those who are marginalized. (11) The profoundinterconnection between God's care for humans and care for theenvironment is noted in Psalm 146, in which The maker of heaven and earth, the sea and all that is in them ... secures justice for the oppressed, gives food to the hungry ... sets prisoners free ... gives sight to the blind ... raises up those who are bowed down ... protects the stranger [and] sustains the orphan and the widow. Ecological problems are enmeshed within social structures thatserve the interests of the few at the expense of the many, especiallythose marginalized and in poverty. 7. Christian theological and liturgical tradition affirms thebiblical message. Creation and the redemptive Incarnation of the Son ofGodare inextricably in��ex��tri��ca��ble?adj.1. a. So intricate or entangled as to make escape impossible: an inextricable maze; an inextricable web of deceit.b. linked. Through his Incarnation, Jesus Christ Jesus Christ:see Jesus. Jesus Christ40 days after Resurrection, ascended into heaven. [N.T.: Acts 1:1–11]See : AscensionJesus Christkind to the poor, forgiving to the sinful. [N.T. notonly entered and embraced our humanity; he also entered and embraced allof God's creation. Thus all creatures, great and small, areconsecrated in the life, death and resurrection of Christ. This is whythe Church does not hesitate to bless and make generous use of theearth's materials in liturgical celebrations and sacraments. Thisis also why, in Catholic social thought, the common good should beconceived as the sustenance and flourishing of life for all beings andfor future generations. (12) The call for a "new solidarity"should take into consideration not only the economic needs of all peoplebut also environmental protection in order to provide for all. (13) Theprinciple of the social mortgage on private property should include an"ecological mortgage" on the goods of creation (for this aswell as future generations). The preferential option for the poor can beextended to include a preferential option for the earth, made poorer byhuman abuse. EMBRACING ECOLOGICAL CONVERSION--LIVING WATER OR PRIVATE COMMODITY? Praise be my Lord for our sister water, which is very serviceable to us, and humble and precious and clean. --St. Francis of Assisi, The Canticle of the Sun 8. Water is the source of all life, and a primary symbol inreligious traditions. Water cleanses, purifies, refreshes and inspires.The bible speaks of living waters, of becoming a fountain of livingwater, of longing for running water, and of justice flowing as a mightyriver. Yet how can anyone speak about the "waters of life" ifthese waters can no longer sustain life? As Thomas Berry writes,"if water is polluted it can neither be drunk nor used for baptism.Both in its physical reality and its psychic symbolism it is a sourcenot of life but of death." (14) 9. Without water everything dies. Water is the basic elementthrough which all life forms emerged, exist and flourish. Water is thelife-blood of the planet, and maintains an intricate and delicatelybalanced circulation system that has evolved for over four billionyears. Water not only serves the common good, but is part of the commongood. 10. Today, water is threatened almost everywhere on earth. Manywater systems are over-saturated with contaminants and carcinogens. Thediversion and damming of rivers has resulted in drought, and in desertswhere lush ecosystems once thrived. Ground water is diminishing andaquifers are mined. Bulk exports of thousands of gallons of freshwaterare planned as if such ecological trauma would leave no negativefootprint. These realities pose grave risks to human health and foodsecurity, as well as to the future of entire regions. 11. The world's fresh water resources are finite and are nowbecoming market commodities, no longer public goods. Currently,inadequate access to safe drinking water drinking watersupply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. affects the well-being of overone billion people, and 2.4 billion persons lack access to adequatesanitation. (15) Some persons living in urban slums in poor countriesare forced to pay between four and one hundred times more for water thantheir middle and upper class fellow citizens. (16) No wonder that forpersons living in poverty, water has become, in the broad sense of theconcept, a right to life issue. (17) The tragedy of seven deaths andthousands of illnesses in Walkerton, Ontario, as a result of acontaminated water system has brought this concept into the Canadianconsciousness, as well. 12. One of the Millennium Development Goals “MDG” redirects here. For other uses, see MDG (disambiguation).The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. (MDGs--which Canada iscommitted to achieving by 2015) is to reduce by half the proportion ofpeople without sustainable access to safe drinking water. (18) TheUnited Nations has declared 2003 the International Year of Freshwater.This is a propitious pro��pi��tious?adj.1. Presenting favorable circumstances; auspicious. See Synonyms at favorable.2. Kindly; gracious.[Middle English propicius, from Old French time for Christian communities to reflect on themeaning of water in our lives, the need to preserve it and safeguard itspurity, and also to redefine how it is shared. Not only should everyhuman person enjoy the right to a safe environment but, specifically,every person's right to water must also be respected. (19)Canada's bishops encourage all Canadians to sign the "WaterDeclaration" and to participate in the action campaigns of theCanadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace as a concreteway to advance these concerns. (20) 13. Such a basic human right as access to water cannot be left tothe whims of market forces to deliver. In our own country, Canadiansshould insist on government action to ban bulk exports of water, excludewater services from international trade agreements, ensure high qualitystandards of drinking water for all and guarantee that water utilitiesremain public, rather than private entities. Campaigns such as that ofthe Franciscan Family of Quebec, which raise our attention tointernational trade agreements that threaten our ability to protect andpreserve supplies of freshwater, are worthy of our support. (21) Membersof Christian communities, especially in Catholic schools, are encouragedto include education related to environmental issues, especially water,in their upcoming programs. EMBRACING FORMS OF ECO-JUSTICE 14. All serious solutions to the ecological crisis demand thathuman beings change our thinking, relationships and behaviours in orderto recognize the interconnectedness of all creation. In previousmessages, the Social Affairs Commission suggested several pedagogical ped��a��gog��ic? also ped��a��gog��i��caladj.1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of pedagogy.2. Characterized by pedantic formality: a haughty, pedagogic manner. steps to assist communities to develop social action. (22) Todayhowever, we must imbue im��bue?tr.v. im��bued, im��bu��ing, im��bues1. To inspire or influence thoroughly; pervade: work imbued with the revolutionary spirit.See Synonyms at charge.2. this pastoral methodology with ecologicalsensitivity. For example, while beginning to listen to the experiencesof the marginalized in society, we must also be attentive to the cry ofthe creation that surrounds and sustains them. Whereas we once began bydeveloping critical analysis of economic, political and socialstructures that cause human suffering, we must now also bring theadditional riches of ecological justice to bear on such realities. OurChristian tradition provides us with at least three inter-related formsof active response: the Contemplative, the Ascetic and the Prophetic.(23) THE CONTEMPLATIVE RESPONSE 15. Each one of us is called to deepen our capacity to appreciatethe wonders of nature as an act of faith and love. In the silence ofcontemplation, nature speaks of the beauty of the Creator. "If youlook at the world with a pure heart, you too will see the face ofGod" (cf. Matthew 5:8). (24) Standing in awe of creation can assistus to perceive the natural world as a bearer of divine grace In Christianity, divine grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to salvation — irrespective of actions ("deeds"), earned worth, or proven goodness.Grace is enabling power sufficient for progression. . Much canbe done in the preparation of liturgy and meditation to include arenewed or deepened appreciation of nature that will sensitize sen��si��tizev.To make hypersensitive or reactive to an antigen, such as pollen, especially by repeated exposure. us to theproblems and encourage us to work for the solutions that our planet andfuture generations require. (25) THE ASCETIC RESPONSE 16. Canadians are blessed with an abundance of natural resources,but we also are among the planet's most excessively wastefulinhabitants. Thankfully, there is in our tradition an ascetic responsethrough which we can confidently adjust our lifestyle choices and dailyactions to respect ecological limits, attune at��tune?tr.v. at��tuned, at��tun��ing, at��tunes1. To bring into a harmonious or responsive relationship: an industry that is not attuned to market demands.2. us to solidarity withvulnerable peoples, as well as encourage the movement of grace in ourlives. Rather than an attempt to "flee the world," a newasceticism asceticism(əsĕt`ĭsĭzəm), rejection of bodily pleasures through sustained self-denial and self-mortification, with the objective of strengthening spiritual life. would enable us all to enter more deeply into the planetaryrhythms of restraint from the demands of consumerism. To"fast" from actions that pollute, to embrace whateverinconveniences may arise from running a "greener" household,to decrease our use of fossil fuels and to tithe titheContribution of a tenth of one's income for religious purposes. The practice of tithing was established in the Hebrew scriptures and was adopted by the Western Christian church. time, treasure andtalent to environmental causes may all be aspects of this response.Buying locally produced goods, organic produce and fairly tradedmerchandise are increasingly realistic options for many Canadians. Wecan challenge the hold of the marketplace over our lives by consciousefforts to avoid over-consumption and by using our purchasing power Purchasing Power1. The value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. Purchasing power is important because, all else being equal, inflation decreases the amount of goods or services you'd be able to purchase.2. topromote earth-friendly enterprises. THE PROPHETIC RESPONSE 17. Social justice issues have ecological implications: the case ofwater is a perfect example of this. We can make the links between socialand ecological justice more evident in our preaching and communityaction. The cry of the earth and the cry of the poor are one. (26)Ecological harmony cannot exist in a world of unjust social structures;nor can the extreme social inequalities of our current world orderresult in ecological sustainability. (27) But the growing movements foreco-justice can contribute substantially to the necessary solutions forboth crises. Christian communities, inspired by St. Francis ofAssisi--the friend of the poor who was loved by God's creatures--should provide positive recognition and support to thoseenvironmentalists, farmers, educators and solidarity activists who havebegun to show us the way forward. CONCLUSION 18. All of creation is of God, and is as yet unfinished. We arecalled as co-creators to join God's work to repair some ofcreation's wounds which have been inflicted due to our ecologicalsins. We are also called to creative actions of solidarity with thosewho have less access to the benefits of God's bountiful creation.The "Lover of Life," who came so that we all might have life,and have it abundantly, (28) continues to provide us with opportunitiesto renew the face of the earth. How can we not take up that challenge? Members of the Episcopal Commission for Social Affairs [dagger] Jean Gagnon, Chairman, Bishop of Gaspe [dagger] Blaise E. Morand, Bishop of Prince Albert Prince Albert,city (1991 pop. 34,181), central Sask., Canada, on the North Saskatchewan River. Prince Albert is a commercial and distribution center for a lumbering, gold- and uranium-mining, and mixed-farming area. There are wood-products and meatpacking industries. [dagger] Jean-Louis Plouffe, Bishop of Sault Ste-Marie [dagger] Donald J. Theriault, Military Ordinary of Canada Heather Eaton, Ottawa, Consultant Constance Vaudrin, Montreal, Consultant October 4, 2003 Vous pouvez vous procurer des exemplaires de cette publication enfrancais au Bureau des affaires sociales, Conference des evequescatholiques du Canada, 2500, promenade Don Reid, Ottawa, ON K1H 2J2.Telephone: (613) 241-9461, poste 133; telecopie : (613) 241-9048;courriel : mchabot@ cccb.ca APPENDIX What Can Christians Do to Protect the Environment? 1. Set up a study group on ecology in your church. As a beginning,share this pastoral letter Pastoral letters are open letters addressed by a bishop to the clergy or laity of his diocese, or to both, containing either general admonition, instruction or consolation, or directions for behaviour in particular circumstances. with interested people and develop a processof reflection leading to action. Or, as another option, reflect on thewatershed in which you live, and read the pastoral letter of theCanadian/American bishops, The Columbia River Watershed: Caring forCreation and the Common Good. Seehttp://www.columbiariver.org/index1.html. 2. Engage in actions designed to minimize your ecologicalfootprint. Some groups have begun to practice the 5Rs: reverence,reduce, repair, reuse and recycle, at home, in the garden, whileshopping, as well as at church. For a wide range of practical ideas,refer to the guide prepared by the Ecology and Theology Working Group ofthe Anglican Diocese of Ottawa, October 2002, Renewing Our RelationshipWith the Earth: A Guide to What You and Your Church Can Do. Inparticular, Appendix A lists "The Twenty Most Important Things toDo." Would your parish/diocese engage in a similar project orconsider acting on some of these 20 options? Seehttp://www.ottawa.anglican.ca/docs/renewing.pdf. 3. Participate actively in the advocacy campaigns of the CanadianCatholic Organization for Development and Peace, and contributefinancially to projects for social and ecological justice. Inparticular, ensure that your family, parish and school join the campaignto sign the CCODP CCODP Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace "Water Declaration." See www.devp.org. 4. Oppose the bulk export of water from Canada. Join the campaignof the Franciscans of Quebec. For more information: SIAF, 5732 boul. PieIX, Montreal, Qc H1X 2B9; telephone and fax (514) 722-5700; Office emailfisiaf@colba.netm; Sister Danielle Julien: danifmic@colba.net. As well,visit the Blue Planet Project Website: www.blueplanetproject.net 5. Participate in the ecological justice activities ofenvironmental groups. The interfaith organization Faith and the CommonGood is encouraging Canadians to take The Nature Challenge proposed byDr. David Suzuki. Participants commit themselves to do at least three often suggested actions during the coming year. Actions cover areas oftransportation, food and our homes. See www.davidsuzuki.org. 6. Assess the energy use of your church. Obtain a copy of theEnergy Workbook for Religious Buildings and consider energy audits andretrofits for your worship space. See www.kairoscanada.org. 7. Engage your political representatives on the issues of socialand ecological justice. Make sure whatever action you take, be itrelated to local environmental protection, the limiting of climatechange, or international cooperation on ecological issues, that yourpolitical representatives know about your concern and how you expectthem to respond. (1) Wisdom 11:25-26. Jerusalem Bible translation. (2) Genesis 1:4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25. (3) Pope John Paul II, Peace with God the Creator, Peace with allof Creation (World Day for Peace Message), January 1, 1990, No. 10. (4) Ibid, No. 3. (5) Pope John Paul II, General Audience, 17 January 2001, No. 4;Sister Marjorie Keenan, RSHM RSHM Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (religious order)RSHM Rosen School of Hospitality Management (University of Central Florida), From Stockholm to Johannesburg: AnHistorical Overview of the Concern of the Holy See for the Environment,1972-2002, Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (Justitia et Pax) is a part of the Roman Curia dedicated to "action-oriented studies" for the international promotion of justice, peace, and human rights from the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church. , Vatican City, 2002,p. 75. (6) David G. Hallman's introduction to his book, Ecotheology:Voices from South and North, Orbis Books, New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1994, p. 5, makesthis point. (7) For an overview of the growing relationship between religionand ecology Religion and ecology is an emerging subfield in the academic discipline of Religious Studies. It is founded on the understanding that, in the words of Iranian-American philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "the environmental crisis is fundamentally a crisis of values," and that , see the Worldwatch Institute's 2003 State of the WorldReport, especially the chapter entitled "Engaging Religion in theQuest for a Sustainable World," W.W. Norton and Co., New York. (8) Deuteronomy 26:9-10, Psalm 24:1. (9) Job 38, 39, 40. (10) Genesis 9:15. Jerusalem Bible translation. (11) Amos 6:4-6; Luke 12:33. (12) CCCB Social Affairs Commission, The Common Good or Exclusion:A Choice for Canadians, February 2, 2001, No. 12; and Celebrate Life:Care for Creation, Catholic Bishops of Alberta, Western CatholicReporter, October 5, 1998, pp. 12-13. (13) Pope John Paul II, Peace with God the Creator, Peace with allof Creation, op. cit., No. 4. (14) Thomas Berry, "Economics as a Religious Issue,"Riverdale Papers X, 1985, p. 4. (15) The United Nations World Water Development Report, "Waterfor People, Water for Life," UNESCO UNESCO:see United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCOin full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization , March 2003, p. 11. (16) C.K. Prahalad, Allen Hammond, "Serving the World'sPoor, Profitably," Harvard Business Review Harvard Business Review is a general management magazine published since 1922 by Harvard Business School Publishing, owned by the Harvard Business School. A monthly research-based magazine written for business practitioners, it claims a high ranking business readership and , September 2002, p. 5. (17) Archbishop Renato Martino, "Water: An Essential Elementfor Life," Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace contribution tothe Third World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan, March 16-23, 2003. (18) All 189 United Nations Member States As of 2007, there are 192 United Nations (UN) member states. Each member state is a member of the United Nations General Assembly.According to the United Nations Charter, Chapter 2, Article 4, the admission of any state to membership in the UN "will be effected by a pledged in 2000 to meetthe Millennium Development Goals by 2015. See:www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index. (19) Pope John Paul II, Peace with God the Creator, Peace with allof Creation, op. cit., No. 9; Archbishop Renato Martino, "Water: AnEssential Element for Life," op. cit. (20) For more information, see www.devp.org. (21) "Notre soeur l'eau n'est pas a vendre! Prise deposition de La Famille franciscaine du Quebec." December 23, 2002. (22) See "From Words to Actions," Labour Day 1976, No. 9;and "Ethical Challenges and Political Challenges," December13, 1983, No. 4. (23) Elizabeth A. Johnson, "God's Beloved Creation,"America, April 16, 2001, p. 10, was most helpful throughout thissection. (24) Pope John Paul II, World Youth Day, Denver, August 14, 1993,Part II, No. 5-6. (25) See National Bulletin on Liturgy, Vol. 27, No. 136 (Spring1994). (26) The Canadian bishops, for example, made three publicinterventions in 2001 in favour of the ratification of the Kyoto Accord.As well, the bishops actively participate in the Ecology ProgramCommittee of KAIROS--Canadian Ecumenical Justice Initiatives, whereexcellent work is being done to monitor the ecological responsibility ofthe corporate sector. See www.kairoscanada.org; also: Assemblee deseveques du Quebec, Social Affairs Committee, Cry of the Earth; Cry ofthe Poor, May 1, 2001. (27) Pope John Paul II, Peace with God the Creator, Peace with allof Creation, op. cit., No. 11. (28) John 10:10.