Regional survey and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China.

Regional survey and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China. An increasing number of publications debate the nature ofsociopolitical so��ci��o��po��li��ti��cal?adj.Involving both social and political factors.sociopoliticalAdjectiveof or involving political and social factors organization in the Yellow River valley and neighbouringregions of northern China during the late prehistoric and early historicperiods (Dematte 1999; Liu 1996; McIntosh 1999; Trigger 1999). However,several factors hinder an adequate understanding of the development ofcomplex societies in this area. Many studies are synchronic syn��chron��ic?adj.1. Synchronous.2. Of or relating to the study of phenomena, such as linguistic features, or of events of a particular time, without reference to their historical context. and focus ononly one type of settlement, sites surrounded by earthen walls. Most ofthese sites date to the Longhand period (c. 2600-1900 BC), althoughearlier sites such as Xishan (late Yangshao period, c. 3000-2600 BC)also have surrounding walls (Yang 1997). Several recent publicationsconclude that Longhand walled sites represent city-states (Dematte 1999;Shao 1999; Yates 1997; Zhang 1997). Two earlier studies (Liu 1996;Underhill 1994), however, suggest that walled sites were centres ofsettlement hierarchies in chiefdoms and stress the need to investigateregional variation and change over time in the nature of settlementsystems. Studies that focus on only one kind of site and makegeneralizations for large areas cannot adequately inform us about thedevelopment and nature of early complex societies. For example,archaeologists working in northern China could productively investigatethe nature of cooperative and competitive relations between villages andtowns within individual settlement systems (Shao 2000: 202; Yan 1999:144). The development of urbanism is a process, not a single event.There may be important regional variation, as documented in Mesoamerica(Blanton et al. 1993) and the Near East (Falconer & Savage 1995;Redman 1978). Also, the form and degree of integration between urbancentres and their surrounding settlements probably shifted over time(Marcus 1998; Redman 1978: 215-16). Decades of research in several areas of the world such as highlandMexico (Feinman et al. 1985; Feinman & Nicholas 1990; Kowalewski etal. 1989; Sanders et al. 1979) and the Near East (Adams 1981; Wright& Johnson 1975) have illustrated that full-coverage, systematicregional survey is crucial for understanding the kinds of social andeconomic interactions that occurred between settlements. Full-coveragesurvey provides a systematic means to understand change in the degreeand nature of sociopolitical integration in a given region such as thegrowth and decline of centres (Billman & Feinman 1999; Fish &Kowalewski 1989; see also Feinman 1998). Full-coverage, systematic regional surveys do not have a longhistory in China (cf. Liu 1996). To date, regional surveys have beenimplemented successfully in three areas of northern China: Shandongprovince (Cai et al. 1997; Underhill et al. 1998), more than onelocation in Henan (see Murowchick 1997), and Inner Mongolia Inner MongoliaChinese Nei Mongol or Nei-meng-kuAutonomous region (pop., 2002 est.: 23,790,000), China. Stretching some 1,800 mi (2,900 km) across north-northeastern China, it has an area of 454,600 sq mi (1,177,500 sq km); its capital is Hohhot. (Shelach1997). The previous publication by our Sino-American team describes thefirst two seasons of full-coverage survey in southeastern Shandong(Underhill et al. 1998). This report updates that work by synthesizingthe results from five seasons, 1995-2000. Our expanded study underscoresour previous conclusion that the method of systematic regional survey isindispensable for investigating the development, organization anddecline of complex societies. Relevant publications tend to focus on Henan province, regarded bymost scholars as the core area in northern China where the earlieststates developed during the Xia (c. 2070-1600 BC, from Erlitou culture Erlitou cultureNeolithic culture (1900–1350 BC) of the central plains of northern China. It was the first state-level society in China, and its remains are taken to be correlates of the Xia dynasty. remains) and Shang (c. 1600-1046 BC) periods (Qiu & Cai 2001). Oursurvey reveals development of a clear settlement hierarchy insoutheastern Shandong, an area generally regarded as peripheral toimportant sociopolitical changes that occurred during the Longhandperiod. We also found changes in settlement systems after this periodthat are not evident from textual data and appear to differ from thehistories of settlement in other areas. The study region, goals and survey methods The Trisha area of southeastern Shandong has been recognized asimportant for understanding the Longhand period ever since initialexcavations took place at Liangchengzhen (LCZ LCZ Low Correlation Zone ) in 1936 (FIGURE 1). Fromthe mid 1950s to 1980s, local archaeologists conducted a few testexcavations and reconnaissances in the vicinity (see Underhill et al.1998: 456-7). The fine black pottery and jade artefacts that wererecovered led scholars to define Liangchengzhen as a Longhand periodcentre. This interpretation was fostered by the estimated large size ofthe site (90 ha). The neighbouring site of Dantu (originally estimatedas 25 ha in size) was also notable for its finely made jade artefactsand traces of a rammed earth rammed earth,material consisting chiefly of soil of sufficiently stiff consistency that has been placed in forms and pounded down. It has been used for buildings and walls since ancient times and was employed in some of the most ancient fortifications in the Middle wall (Zhang 1996). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] An original aim of our survey, therefore, was to assess objectivelythe rise of Liangchengzhen and to discern whether this site was at thecentre of a settlement hierarchy. Another goal was to investigate therelationship of Dantu to the site. A third priority was to examine thetransition from the Longhand period to the early Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the . Settlementsoccupied after c. 1900 BC associated with the Xia and Shang periods arewell documented in Henan and western Shandong, but not in southeasternShandong. To date, our systematically covered study region includes parts ofthree counties (Dong Gang, or eastern harbour district of Trisha city,Wulian and Jiaonan) and four topographic zones: floodplain floodplain,level land along the course of a river formed by the deposition of sediment during periodic floods. Floodplains contain such features as levees, backswamps, delta plains, and oxbow lakes. , low spursand slight rises above the alluvial plain Noun 1. alluvial plain - a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running wateralluvial flatflat - a level tract of land; "the salt flats of Utah" , higher piedmont ridges andmountains with coniferous con��i��fer?n.Any of various mostly needle-leaved or scale-leaved, chiefly evergreen, cone-bearing gymnospermous trees or shrubs such as pines, spruces, and firs. trees (for details see Underhill et al. 1998:455-6). Following the methodology of other regional surveys (seeUnderhill et al. 1998 for fuller discussion), crews ranging from five toeight members walk about 30-50 metres apart, systematically covering theentire landscape. All ancient remains are plotted on 1:10,000topographic maps. Whenever possible we check for subsurface depositsfrom exposed cutbanks and have found a good correlation between surfacesherds and subsurface deposits. We make collections of surface artefactsat every site. Prior to preparing final settlement maps for each phase,we analyse the field artefact See artifact. collections and accordingly make anyadjustments of field assessments. Results The following discussion is organized to highlight five keyfindings from our regional investigation. We present and discuss theobserved shifts in settlement patterns from the Longhand, Zhou (c.1046-221 BC) and Han (206 BC-AD 220) periods. Subsequently, we outlineon-going issues that require further investigation. Perhaps the most basic yet significant finding of our study is thedocumented success of full-coverage systematic settlement pattern surveyin southeastern Shandong. Some scholars continue to express concern thatsystematic regional survey may not be feasible in parts of northernChina, due to extensive alluviation (Jing et al. 1997). However, surfaceartefacts, especially potsherds, are readily visible in the Trisha area.In addition, we survey during the winter, when vegetation and theactivities of farmers are at a minimum. In five seasons of survey wehave located over 750 sites in a 400-sq. km area. Before our survey,fewer than 10 sites had been identified within this region, includingLiangchengzhen and Dantu. Although 28% of the sites were occupied duringmore than one phase, 72% are single component. A second key discovery was the location of important Longhand andlater sites above the alluvial plain. Based on prior, less systematicreconnaissance efforts, some researchers presumed that most, if not all,ancient settlements were situated near rivers in the alluvium al��lu��vi��um?n. pl. al��lu��vi��ums or al��lu��vi��aSediment deposited by flowing water, as in a riverbed, flood plain, or delta. Also called alluvion. . Incontrast, we have found sites in a variety of topographic zones. Forexample, two relatively large sites from the Longhand (21 ha) and Zhou(33 ha) periods were found in hilly piedmont locales. The observeddiversity in settlement locations is important for assessing both localsubsistence strategies as well as the possible concern for defense. Third, a distinct settlement hierarchy arose in southeasternShandong during the Longhand period (FIGURE 2). Judging from the rangeof site sizes (199 Longhand sites in total), we suggest there were fourlevels in the settlement hierarchy for the region (TABLE 1). Based onthe spread of surface artefacts, the two sites at the top of thehierarchy, Liangchengzhen and Dantu, are much larger than previouslypublished estimates. The two settlements are at least partiallycontemporary, occupied primarily during the early and middle phases ofthe Longhand period, roughly 2600-2200 BC (Luan 1996; 1997). We continueto investigate the relationship between these two sites throughexcavations at Liangchengzhen. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] A fourth finding is delineation of a highly nucleated nucleated/nu��cle��at��ed/ (noo��kle-at?id) having a nucleus or nuclei. nu��cle��at��edadj.Having a nucleus or nuclei.nucleatedhaving a nucleus or nuclei. settlementpattern around Liangchengzhen during the Longhand period. We concludethat Liangchengzhen and smaller, neighbouring settlements clusteringaround it: were functionally connected. The extension of our survey areahas revealed a more pronounced pattern of nucleation nu��cle��a��tionn.1. The beginning of chemical or physical changes at discrete points in a system, such as the formation of crystals in a liquid.2. The formation of cell nuclei. aroundLiangchengzhen than we described in 1998 (Underhill et al. 1998).Liangchengzhen and other settlements in the core area account for 67% oftotal occupied area for the survey region during the Longhand period,although this area represents only 26% of the total surveyed area. Theaverage size of sites in this core area is greater (TABLE 2), even if weremove Liangchengzhen from the sample. As we have expanded our survey region, smaller clusters ofsettlement have become visible in the outlying areas. We have identifiedfour smaller clusters of sites, each centring around one relativelylarge site (FIGURE 2, Clusters 2-5). These small clusters are locatedroughly equidistant e��qui��dis��tant?adj.Equally distant.equi��distance n. from Liangchengzhen. Also, each cluster is spacedrelatively evenly from the central, core area around Liangchengzhen(Cluster 1). Yet the outlying clusters themselves are variable in termsof number of sites, settled area and settlement tiers (TABLE 3). Thesepatterns of settlement for the Longhand period contrast sharply with thepicture of widely dispersed walled towns presented in many publications.Our findings not only lead us to question traditional models of Longhandperiod settlements, but they also provide some significant parallelswith settlement patterns for early complex societies in other globalregions (e.g. Wright 1986). An important topic requiring further investigation is thechronological relationship between sites in Longhand Clusters 1-5. Oursurvey collections indicate occupation primarily during the early andmiddle Longhand periods. Continued refinement of our ceramic chronologyand eventual excavations at other sites could determine if some smallsettlement clusters (Clusters 2-5) originally included competing centresthat declined as Liangchengzhen rose to dominance. The much smallersizes of the largest sites in these outlying clusters, however, indicateinstead that while these clusters may not have been as closely tied toLiangchengzhen as sites in Cluster 1, they probably were not autonomousrivals either. A fifth, key finding of the survey is documentation of significantZhou and Han occupation in southeastern Shandong (TABLE 4). Thesettlement patterns for these two periods are distinctively differentfrom that for the Longhand period (FIGURES 3, 4). After that period theregional settlement pattern became somewhat less nucleated and moredispersed. There was a slight decrease in total occupied area in theZhou and Hah periods, although the number of sites increased. Nucleationof settlements continued around Liangchengzhen, although this patternwas not as pronounced as during the Longhand period. Liangchengzhen andDantu decreased markedly in size after the Longhand period, with acorresponding drop to a three-tiered site hierarchy for the entiresurvey region (TABLES 5, 6). Liangchengzhen remained the largest sitebut declined in size to about 170 hectares in both the Zhou and Hanperiods. [FIGURES 3-4 OMITTED] There also was an increase in the occupation of outlying areasfarther away from Liangchengzhen (FIGURES 3, 4). Although clusters ofsettlements were still evident in the survey region, they were smallerand less clearly delineated than for the Longhand period. Forcomparison, we superimposed the Longhand core area on the Zhou and Hanmaps. During both the Zhou and Han periods, much smaller proportions ofthe population lived in this core area (TABLES 7, 8). As in the Longhandperiod, the settlement hierarchy was less developed in the outlyingareas (TABLES 9, 10). Even though the general patterns for the Zhou andHan periods are similar, there was some shifting and relocating of majorcentres, especially outside the Liangchengzhen core area. We propose that these changes in settlement pattern reflect thedeclining importance of Liangchengzhen after the Longhand period, asregional political centres arose in western Shandong and/or Henan duringthe late Longhand period. It appears that centres of power were situatedin other areas of Shandong during the Zhou and Han periods. The closestsubstantial Eastern Zhou settlement known from historical records andarchaeological fieldwork is the capital of the Ju state, located in Jucounty, to the west (Su et al. 1993). On the basis of textual data, it would appear that there was littleoccupation in the Trisha area of southern Shandong after the Longhandperiod. Historical documents from the Han period do not accuratelydepict the distribution or level of population in our study region (seeBielenstein 1947). Significantly, our survey identified hundreds ofsmall and middle-size settlements that previously had been`invisible', probably representing a relatively large population offarming villages and towns. Issues for further research We continue to assess key questions regarding the cultural anddemographic history Demographic history may refer to: Demographic history of the United States Demographic history of Macedonia Demographic history of Montenegro History of the demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina Demographic history of Portugal of the Trisha region. One important issue isoccupation of our study region during the early Bronze Age, c. 1900-1046BC. The Yueshi (c. 1900-1600 BC) and Shang (c. 1600-1046 BC) periods arepoorly understood in Shandong. Relatively little archaeologicalfieldwork has been carried out in eastern Shandong, compared to areasfurther west. The Yueshi period, regarded as contemporary with the Xiaperiod in Henan, has only recently been recognized in the province (Fang1998; Luan 1996; 1997). There are few Yueshi sites even in areas likeZouping county in west-central Shandong, where a large quantity ofLonghand sites have been discovered (Shandong University Shandong University is one of the oldest and prestigious universities in China. Shandong University was founded in 1901 and is the second national university established in the country, created soon after Jingshi University (the Metropolitan University). 1989). Similarly, identification of Shang sites in Shandong has been thesubject of debate (Gao 2000; Luan 1996; Shandong Province Institute ofArchaeology The Institute of Archaeology is an academic department of University College London (UCL), in the United Kingdom. The Institute is located in a separate building at the north end of Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. 2000a). The only previously excavated Shang period sites arelocated in more westerly areas of Shandong (see Underhill et al. 1998).Gao (2000) proposes that more people moved into eastern Shandong duringthe late Shang period, resulting in the mixing of indigenous and classicShang cultural traits. Following this process, areas farther east shouldhave fewer Shang ceramic traits. In more than one area of Shandong,archaeologists are reassessing ceramic typologies and identifying newcultures contemporary with Shang and Zhou sites in Henan province (forthe Weifang area, see Shandong Province Institute of Archaeology 2000b). In our survey region, we have tentatively identified six sites withone or more ceramic diagnostics of the Yueshi period and only 18 siteswith probable Shang period diagnostics. It is possible that theextremely small quantity of sites with Yueshi and Shang potsherdscompared to the Longhand and later Zhou periods does not stem from a lowdensity of occupation in the region during the early Bronze Age. Ourexpectations for characteristics of sherds from the Yueshi and Shangperiods have derived from work done in other areas of Shandong. Instead,it may be more appropriate to rely on different ceramic attributes foridentifying post-Longhand sites. The rate of ceramic change for the relatively isolated area ofsoutheastern Shandong may have been markedly slower than in areasfarther west. Beginning in the late Longhand period, when the centre ofLiangchengzhen began to collapse, populations may have become furtherisolated, so that vessels continued to be produced with Longhandattributes for a longer period of time than in areas farther west, wherethere was more interregional in��ter��re��gion��al?adj.Of, involving, or connecting two or more regions: interregional migration; interregional banking.interaction. There may have been aconsiderable time lag before potters in the Trisha area began to producevessels exhibiting ceramic attributes with Shang or Western Zhoucharacteristics. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke"put differently , some of what we have identified asLonghand pottery in our region may actually be later in time thantraditionally believed based on excavations in other areas of Shandongprovince. Finally, we continue to address the issue of pre-Longhand sites inthe Trisha area. Five years of survey have yielded only four sitesdating to the late Dawenkou period (c. 3000-2600 BC). Few excavatedremains identified as late Dawenkou have been found in southeasternShandong (see Underhill et al. 1998). Additionally, we have not locatedany sites dating to earlier cultural phases, which have been identifiedin more western areas of Shandong. This pattern is striking, given thelarge quantity of later sites (primarily early and middle Longhand) thatwe have discovered in a variety of environmental settings across thestudy area. Our current working hypothesis is that sedentary farming people didnot settle southeastern Shandong until relatively late in the Neolithicperiod Neolithic periodor New Stone Age.The term neolithic is used, especially in archaeology and anthropology, to designate a stage of cultural evolution or technological development characterized by the use of stone tools, the existence of . No shellmounds, which would be indicative of earlier coastaloccupation, are evident in the area. One factor may have been thepredominance of marshy marsh��y?adj. marsh��i��er, marsh��i��est1. Of, resembling, or characterized by a marsh or marshes; boggy.2. Growing in marshes. land, partially because of higher sea levels(Chang 1986: 73). Recent research on sediments in the southern YangziRiver delta A delta is a landform where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, sea, desert, estuary, lake or another river. It builds up sediment outwards into the flat area which the river's flow encounters (as a deltaic deposit area near Shanghai supports the earlier studies cited byChang for the east coast of China and indicates rising sea levels duringthe early Holocene, followed by rising groundwater levels and poordrainage conditions (Stanley & Chen 1996). Similarly, Shao (2000:198) suggests that after 3000 BC temperatures dropped and sea levelsfell, allowing occupation o f previously marshy areas in several partsof eastern China. Firmer support for this hypothesis in our surveyregion will require geological studies in areas closer to Trisha. Conclusions Archaeological projects in several world areas have demonstratedthe utility of full-coverage, regional survey for investigating thedevelopment of complex societies. Regional survey provides a necessaryempirical foundation for exploring social, economic and politicalrelations at both the intra- and interregional levels. On-going debatesabout the development and nature of early complex societies in northernChina cannot be resolved without diachronic di��a��chron��icadj.Of or concerned with phenomena as they change through time. data from systematicregional surveys. Regional survey is essential for investigatingvariation in processes of social change in individual areas of the vastYellow River valley and its environs. Five seasons of survey in the Trisha area of Shandong have yieldeda very different pattern of development than other researcherspreviously had surmised for northern China as a whole. The high degreeof nucleation around Liangchengzhen during the Longhand period indicatesa considerable degree of economic and sociopolitical interaction betweenthe centre and smaller neighbouring sites (Cluster 1). The regularspacing of smaller centres and their subsidiary sites aroundLiangchengzhen during this period also raises the possibility that thiscentre had some political and economic influence over a relatively largearea. Of course, more research is necessary to assess the nature anddegree of these relationships. Liangchengzhen continued to dominate the region during the Zhou andHan periods. The more striking feature of these later periods, however,is the large quantity of small settlements dispersed across thelandscape. These settlement patterns indicate that the Trisha region asa whole had declined in power and importance in comparison to areasfarther west. Yet we still do not understand all of the factors andprocesses that lay behind this decline. Finally, we encourage the implementation of more full-coveragesystematic regional surveys in China. Such research would not onlyfacilitate the necessary comparison of long-term changes in differentregions of China, but it would continue to foster our ability to compareand contrast the processes associated with these changes with ourperspectives on similar transitions in other world regions.TABLE 1. Tiers in the Longshan settlementhierarchy.rank size range (ha) no. of sitesTier 1 (LCZ) 246.8 1Tier 2 (Dantu) 130.7 1Tier 3 52.1-10.0 13Tier 4 8.7-0.1 184TABLE 2. Comparison of core area aroundLiangchengzhen and outlying areas for theLongshan period. Average total occupied site sizearea area (ha) no. of sites (ha)Cluster 1 604.3 (67.0%) 83 (41.7%) 7.3 (core)Cluster 2 106.7 (35.9%) 27 (23.3%) 4.0Cluster 3 60.5 (20.3%) 10 (8.6%) 6.1Cluster 4 79.7 (26.8%) 37 (31.9%) 2.2Cluster 5 21.8 (7.3%) 15 (12.9%) 1.5all outlying 297.6 (33.0%) 116 (58.3%) 2.6 areas, total ** note: includes 27 small sites not part of any clusterTABLE 3. Site size tiers for Longshan settlementClusters.cluster rank site size (ha) no. of sitesCluster1 Tier 1 246.8 1 Tier 2 130.7 1 Tier 3 42.9-21.0 4 Tier 4 13.7-0.1 77Cluster2 Tier 1 30.1 1 Tier 2 18.3-14.4 2 Tier 3 8.3-0.1 24Cluster3 Tier 1 52.1 1 Tier 2 2.3-0.3 9Cluster4 Tier 1 21.1-20.0 2 Tier 2 4.1-0.3 35Cluster5 Tier 1 11.0 1 Tier 2 5.4 1 Tier 3 1.0-0.3 13TABLE 4. Archaeological sites and hectaresoccupied per phase. average total site sizephase no. of sites hectares (ha)Longshan 199 901.9 4.5Zhou 409 791.6 1.9Han 461 847.4 1.8TABLE 5. Tiers in the Zhou period settlement hierarchy.rank size range (ha) no. of sitesTier 1 (LCZ) 170.9 1Tier 2 37.0-12.2 6Tier 3 9.0-0.1 402TABLE 6. Tiers in the Han period settlement hierarchy.rank size range (ha) no. of sitesTier 1 (LCZ) 174.3 1Tier 2 40.4-12.6 8Tier 3 11.0-0.1 452TABLE 7. Comparison of core area around Liangchengzhenand outlying areas for the Zhou period. average total occupied site sizearea area (ha) no. of sites (ha)core area 352.8 (44.6%) 82 (20.0%) 4.3outlying area 438.8 (55.4%) 327 (80.0%) 1.3TABLE 8. Comparison of core area around Liangchengzhenand outlying areas for the Han period. average total occupied sizearea area (ha) no. of sites (ha)core area 406.0 (47.9%) 109 (23.6%) 3.7outlying area 441.4 (52.1%) 352 (76.4%) 1.3TABLE 9. Ranking of site sizes for core andoutlying clusters in the Zhou period.area rank site size (ha) no. of sitescore Tier 1 170.9 1 Tier 2 37.0-12.2 4 Tier 3 8.2-0.1 77outlying Tier 1 56.3-21.0 4 Tier 2 9.0-0.1 323TABLE 10. Ranking of site sizes for core andoutlying clusters in the Han period.area rank site size (ha) no. of sitescore Tier 1 174.3 1 Tier 2 30.1-17.4 3 Tier 3 9.8-0-1 105outlying Tier 1 40.4-21.8 3 Tier 2 13.2-0.1 349 Acknowledgements. We are very grateful to the followingorganizations for making our research possible: National ScienceFoundation, High Risk Exploratory Research Exploratory research is a type of research conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. Program in Archaeology (grantawarded to Anne Underhill and Gary Feinman, 1995); Wenner-GrenFoundation for Anthropological Research, International CollaborativeResearch Program (grant awarded to Anne Underhill, Fengshu Cai and GaryFeinman, 1996); The Henry Luce Noun 1. Henry Luce - United States publisher of magazines (1898-1967)Henry Robinson Luce, Luce Foundation, United States-ChinaCooperative Research Program (grant awarded to Anne Underhill, GaryFeinman and Lothar von Falkenhausen, 1997). We also acknowledge the helpof the Trisha Museum, Shandong University, Yale University Yale University,at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was , theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison “University of Wisconsin” redirects here. 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NICHOLAS, GWEN GWEN Guild Wars: Eye of the North (computer game)GWEN Ground Wave Emergency Network (USAF)BENNETT, HUI FANG, FENGSHI LUAN, HAIGUANG YU & FENGSHU CAI * * Underhill, Feinman & Nicholas, Department of Anthropology,The Field Museum, 1400 Lake Shore Drive Lake Shore Drive (colloquially referred to as LSD or simply Lake Shore) is a mostly freeway-standard expressway running parallel with and next to Lake Michigan through Chicago, Illinois, USA. , Chicago IL 60605-2496, USA.auhill@fieldmuseum.org gfeinman@fieldmuseum.orglnicholas@fieldmuseum.org Received 23 July 2001, accepted 16 October 2001, revised 18February 2002