Results of the Doctoral Faculty Publication Project: journal article productivity and its correlates in the 1990s.

Results of the Doctoral Faculty Publication Project: journal article productivity and its correlates in the 1990s. THE FACULTIES of doctorate-granting educational institutions havehistorically provided scholarly leadership within the Americanprofessions and academic disciplines (Bowen Bow��en? , Catherine Drinker 1897-1973.American writer of semifictional biographies, such as The Lion and the Throne (1957), a life of Sir Edward Coke. & Rudenstine, 1992;Corcoran BackgroundCorcoran. Spelling variations include: MacCorcoran, O'Corcoran,Corcorran and others.The Irish surname Corcoran is derived from the Gaelic word Corcair, now used to denote purple but formerly meaning ruddy, or 'of reddish complexion'. & Kirk, 1990; Group for the Advancement of DoctoralEducation, 1992; Webster Webster,town (1990 pop. 16,196), Worcester co., S Mass., near the Conn. line; settled c.1713, set off from Dudley and Oxford and inc. 1832. The chief manufactures are footwear, fabrics, and textiles. & Skinner Skin��ner, B(urrhus) F(rederick) 1904-1990.American psychologist. A leading behaviorist, Skinner influenced the fields of psychology and education with his theories of stimulus-response behavior. , 1996). In addition to otherduties and responsibilities, these educators share the specialized spe��cial��ize?v. spe��cial��ized, spe��cial��iz��ing, spe��cial��iz��esv.intr.1. To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study.2. mission of preparing students to develop, verify (1) To prove the correctness of data.(2) In data entry operations, to compare the keystrokes of a second operator with the data entered by the first operator to ensure that the data were typed in accurately. See validate. , and disseminate dis��sem��i��nate?v. dis��sem��i��nat��ed, dis��sem��i��nat��ing, dis��sem��i��natesv.tr.1. To scatter widely, as in sowing seed.2. professional and academic knowledge. Consequently, the scholarlyachievements of the faculties of such diverse professions anddisciplines as business, education, nursing, law, medicine, psychology,economics, political science, sociology, and numerous interdisciplinary in��ter��dis��ci��pli��nar��y?adj.Of, relating to, or involving two or more academic disciplines that are usually considered distinct.interdisciplinaryAdjective specialties have been periodically monitored, examined, and assessed.The scholarly activities of these faculty members are diverse andmultidimensional. A variety of different measures and indicators--booksand book chapters, publications in professional journals, publicationsin other sources, research funding Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of both "hard" science and technology and social science. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and , presentations at conferences, andindividual awards and honors--have been used to assess facultyscholarship (Barnett Barnett as a personal name can refer to: Barnett Newman Barnett Slepian Charlie Barnett Correlli Barnett Guy Barnett (Australian politician) Guy Barnett (UK politician) Joel Barnett Josh Barnett, American heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter. et al., 1998; DeMeuse, 1987; Garand & Graddy,1999; Green, Hutchison Hutchison may refer to:People with the surname Hutchison: Andrew Hutchison, Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada C. B. Hutchison (1885 – 1980), American botanist and educator Don Hutchison, footballer , & Sar, 1992; Knapp Knapp (pronounced like English "nap") can refer to: Knapping, the flaking of flint or obsidian to make tools As a surname, Knapp is of uncertain Germanic origin. It may have meant "small hill". It is also thought to have meant something like "lacking in funds". , 1997; Niemi, 1988). Articles published in peer-reviewed professional journals, however,continue to be the single most frequently recognized, utilized, andreliable measures of faculty scholarship (Bloom bloom1. the general appearance of the surface. In carcass meat it is the glistening, transparent effect and the gentle pink color that gives a good bloom to the carcass. It is the result of proper tissue hydration coupled with the correct proportions of fat, connective tissue and & Klein Klein, Melanie 1882-1960.Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who first introduced play therapy and was the first to use psychoanalysis to treat young children. , 1995;Corcoran & Kirk, 1990; Gibbs & Locke, 1989; Green et al., 1992).As Corcoran and Kirk (1990) have concluded, there are at least fivereasons for the continuing prominence prominence/prom��i��nence/ (prom��i-nins) a protrusion or projection.frontonasal prominence and reliance on journal articlesas indicators of faculty scholarship in social work and otherprofessions and academic disciplines: First, as data, articles are readily available to anyone who has access to a university library. Second, unlike respondents in surveys or subjects in experiments, articles are non-reactive and do not change from situation to situation over time. A manuscript, once published, remains the same forever, if not in anyone's memory, at least on an obscure shelf in the library. Third, as artifacts of scholarship, articles can be studied with an attractive degree of objectivity. Fourth, when studying such topics as the gender or affiliation of authors, or the presence or absence of quantified data in an article, the reliability among coders is usually very high. Fifth, articles constitute a finite population and, since all of them can be examined, conclusions can be based on actual observed differences rather than on inferential statistics. (p. 311) To evaluate social work's research productivity and therelationship between the profession's research and practice at theend of the 1980s, therefore, it was not surprising that the NationalInstitute of Mental Health's (NIMH) Task Force on Social WorkResearch paid particular attention to the journal articles published bythe faculties and graduates of institutions granting social workdoctoral degrees (Task Force, 1991). Task Force findings about theproductivity of these faculties and their former students, however, weresurprising to many and stimulated a considerable amount of comment anddiscussion within the profession (Austin Austin.1 City (1990 pop. 21,907), seat of Mower co., SE Minn., on the Cedar River, near the Iowa line; inc. 1868. The commercial and industrial center of a rich farm region, it is noted as home to the Hormel meatpacking company, whose Spam Town museum , 1992; Austin, 1998; Ewalt,1995). Indeed, the results of this investigation suggested a social work"publication paradox's: the faculties of the majority ofsocial work schools with doctoral programs had not demonstrated expectedpatterns of scholarly leadership in the 1980s. Indeed, substantialpatterns of research scholarship and development were observed among asingle top tier of institutions comprised of 10-12 faculties. Thesefaculties were rated at one of the two highest categories of a proposedfive-point continuum Continuum (pl. -tinua or -tinuums) can refer to: Continuum (theory), anything that goes through a gradual transition from one condition, to a different condition, without any abrupt changes or "discontinuities" of research development. Approximately 10-15schools, whose productivity was rated below that of the first group,were presumed to occupy a second tier. The remaining schools, about 50%of all graduate schools with doctoral programs in 1990, were assigned as��sign?tr.v. as��signed, as��sign��ing, as��signs1. To set apart for a particular purpose; designate: assigned a day for the inspection.2. tothe lowest tier of research development and productivity (Task Force,1991). Members of the NIMH Task Force concluded that these findings, andfindings that revealed that half of the graduates of social workdoctoral programs between 1960 and 1989 had not published a singlearticle in the professional literature, reflected a major research andscholarship "crisis" (Task Force, 1991; Green et al., 1992).Moreover, a review of the Task Force's databases revealed thatinformation about the publication records of the faculty units waslargely based on the reports of faculty and administrators; moreobjective analyses of publication in the 1980s had been limited to asmall number of journals or targeted to relatively brief periods oftime. Surprisingly, not a single longitudinal lon��gi��tu��di��naladj.Running in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. database was availablewith which to specifically address the journal article publication ofsocial work doctoral faculties at the beginning of the 1990s. To fill this critical methodological gap and thereby more closelymonitor, describe, and assess the continuing publication characteristicsof social work doctoral faculties, the Decade Publication Project (DPP DPP - Dining Philosophers Problem )was established to systematically identify and report publicationcharacteristics and trends on an ongoing basis throughout the decade.The research that follows is based on the final sample of all articlespublished by these faculties over the course of the decade. Method The initial report of the DPP summarized the journal articlespublished by each of the faculties of 45 social work doctoraldegree-conferring graduate schools and departments during the earlyyears of the decade of the 1990s (Green, Baskind, & Conklin, 1995).Subsequently, publications of these same faculties from 1994 to 1997were systematically identified, merged with a cumulative database, andsummarized in an interim research report (Green, Karfordt, & Hayden,1999). A third and final report was planned to describe data collectedfor 1998 and 1999 and to summarize sum��ma��rize?intr. & tr.v. sum��ma��rized, sum��ma��riz��ing, sum��ma��riz��esTo make a summary or make a summary of.sum the publication trends andcharacteristics of these faculties over the course of an entire decade. By December 31, 1999, however, 61 U.S. graduate schools ordepartments of social work reported active doctoral programs. Thirteenhad developed new doctoral programs in the 1990s and three schools ordepartments with previously existing doctoral programs had not beenenlisted en��list��ed?adj.Of, relating to, or being a member of a military rank below a commissioned officer or warrant officer.enlistedAdjective for participation in the DPP. Consequently, implementation ofthe original sampling plan would have excluded these 16 schools anddepartments and included only 74% (45) of the total of 61 currentgraduate faculties with active doctoral programs. Recently the DPP was able to obtain supplemental funds to identifyand include the publications of these 16 additional faculties for the10-year period of study. Accordingly all publications of the facultiesof these additional schools and departments between 1990 and 2000, andall of the 1998 and 1999 publications of the faculties of the original45 faculties, were systematically identified, entered into an SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. dataset and analyzed an��a��lyze?tr.v. an��a��lyzed, an��a��lyz��ing, an��a��lyz��es1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations.2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of.3. as a single, comprehensive record of publication inprofessional journals throughout the entire decade. Identifying Schools and Departments with Doctoral Programs Three successive decision rules were used to identify alldoctorate-granting social work faculties at the end of the 1990s. First,membership postings on the website of the Group for the Advancement ofDoctoral Education (GADE) (http://www.sc.edu/swan/gade/ member.html)were searched to determine whether doctoral programs at each of the 45schools included in Wave 1 (1990-1993) and in Wave 2 (1994-1997) of datacollection were (still) active on December 31,1999. This procedureconfirmed that all 45 of these original schools and departmentsmaintained GADE membership over the course of the decade. Consequently,all were included in the present study. The review of the 2000 GADEmembership roster also revealed that three additional doctoralfaculties--those at the University of Maryland University of Maryland can refer to: University of Maryland, College Park, a research-extensive and flagship university; when the term "University of Maryland" is used without any qualification, it generally refers to this school , Boston University Boston University,at Boston, Mass.; coeducational; founded 1839, chartered 1869, first baccalaureate granted 1871. It is composed of 16 schools and colleges. , andthe University of Minnesota--were established prior to 1990 but were notincluded in Wave 1 and Wave 2 data collection. The inclusion of thesethree schools brought the sample to 48. Finally, the GADE website wassearched for the establishment dates of each of the remaining programslisted; in some cases offices of the appropriate dean or programdirector were consulted about the current status of their program. In afew instances administrators reported their doctoral programs, althoughlisted on the GADE directory, had not been established by December31,1999. These programs were excluded from the final sample. Therefore,the 13 programs established in the 1990s and the 48 programs establishedbefore 1990 comprise the final sample of 61 faculties. The 2000 GADE website was also used to collect data about thenumber of students admitted annually to each doctoral program and thenumber of full-time faculty at each institution on December 31, 2000.The website of the Carnegie Foundation This article is about the Dutch Carnegie Foundation, owner and manager of the Peace Palace. For other uses, see The Carnegie Foundation.The Carnegie Foundation ("Carnegie Stichting" in Dutch) is an organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands. (http://www.carnegiefoundation.org) was used to retrieve information concerning themajor source of each institution's financial support (public orprivate) and their most recent (2000) institutional classification. Thewebsites of each of the colleges and universities in the study wereconsulted to collect information regarding the number of full-timestudents enrolled at each program on December 31, 1999. Finally, thewebsite of US News and World Report (http:// www.usnews.com) wasconsulted to gather data about the academic quality and ranking of eachof the schools' MSW (MicroSoft Word) See Microsoft Word. programs which resulted from the 1999 US Newsnational survey of deans and senior faculty conducted near the end ofthe decade. The results of the full survey are found athttp://www.usnews.com/ usnews/edu/beyond/gradrank/ gbsowrk.htm. All faculty publication data collected during Wave 1 (1990-1993),Wave 2 (1994-1997), and Wave 3 (1998-1999) involved the use of CDROM-based or online bibliographic bib��li��og��ra��phy?n. pl. bib��li��og��ra��phies1. A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.2. a. search facilities of the Institute forScientific Information's (ISI ISIInternational Sensitivity Index, see there ) Social Science Citation Index Science Citation Index (SCI ?) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Scientific. (SSCI SSCI Social Sciences Citation Index (Thompson Scientific)SSCI Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceSSCI Steel Service Center Institute (Cleveland, Ohio)SSCI Self Service Check-InSSCI Scientific Systems Co. ). For Wave 1 data collection (1990-1993) we retrieved the fullnames of all full-time faculty members from the administrative officesof each of the original 45 schools (n=1,069) and conducted individualSSCI name searches to identify their publications. Full-time status forfaculty members included in this phase of the study was defined by theoffices of the participating deans. By the middle years of the projectand the second wave of data collection (1994-1997), however, SSCItechnology had developed to the extent that we could rely oninstitution-by-institution publication searches rather than on facultymember name searches of the databases. Consequently, theinstitution-by-institution searches used for the second and third wavesof data collection included all articles of all full- and part-timefaculty members as well as those published by graduate and post-doctoralstudents. Because numerous faculty member job changes, retirements, and newhires transpired over the course of the decade, this alternative searchprocedure provided for a more reliable method of retrieving the data.Moreover, research reported earlier by Baker and Isherwood (1988), andour own pilot tests and field trials of individual and institutionalmethods with five different faculties for calendar year 1994, revealedthat data collected in these two different SSCI search modes werecomparable. The number of articles identified using both methods wasequivalent in the case of four schools and differed by a single articlefor the fifth school included in our tests. Consequently, Wave 2 andWave 3 data collection was conducted exclusively through the use ofinstitutional searches. Data Collection Methods A considerable amount of technical and evaluative information aboutthe project methods (Green et al., 1995, Green, Baskind, Best, &Boyd, 1997; Green et al., 1999; Green & Hayden, 2001), as well asestimates of the accuracy and consistency of the SSCI database (Baker,1992; Baker & Isherwood, 1988; Thyer & Polk, 1997) has beenpreviously reported. These earlier studies include results of theempirical evaluations of SSCI as a database for social work faculty, thecomparability of data obtained through individual SSCI searches offaculty member names when contrasted with institutional searches offaculties, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability obtained at variousstages of the project, as well as the overall advantages and limitationsof SSCI. The SSCI Expanded database continues to be the most comprehensiveand systematic source of bibliographic information about the journalarticle publications of social work faculty available. Through the Webof Science, ISI's worldwide system of electronic database linkage,SSCI Expanded now enables researchers to search for publications ofsocial work faculty members in more than 5,700 different journalsthroughout the world. To develop an operational definition of "social work"journals for the project, we merged published inventories of the titlesof social work journals identified earlier in the decade by Lindsey andKirk (1992) and by Beebe (1993) into a single list; this list wasupdated over the course of the decade as new social work journalsemerged. As can be seen in Table 1, SSCI comprehensively tracks 28 ofthese social work journals. Although this sample of journals does notinclude all social work journals, it does include the most establishedand prestigious ones, those with the largest readerships, thosepublished the most consistently, and those cited the most frequently(Testa, 2000; Thyer, 2000). Non-social work journals were defined as anyof the approximately 5,700 different professional journals covered bySSCI, regardless of discipline or profession of origin or journal focus. Data Analysis The data were analyzed in four sequential phases. In the firstphase descriptive statistics descriptive statisticssee statistics. were used to obtain selectedcharacteristics of the 61 academic units and universities included inthe sample. In the second phase descriptive statistics and rankingprocedures were again used to summarize and describe the publicationrates of the individual schools, the publication rates of thepublication tiers of faculties within the sample, and the publicationrates of the sample as a whole. Multiple Analysis of Variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial.In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality (ANOVA anovasee analysis of variance.ANOVAAnalysis of variance, see there )techniques were then implemented to observe and compare rates ofpublication productivity over the course of the decade. Correlation andmultiple regression regression,in psychology: see defense mechanism. regressionIn statistics, a process for determining a line or curve that best represents the general trend of a data set. procedures were used in the final phase of analysisto examine and clarify the associations between the overall publicationproductivity of the faculties and three factors: faculty size, thelongevity of their graduate programs, and the academic quality of theirMSW programs. Results Descriptive Characteristics of the Schools, Departments, and HostInstitutions Only five (8.2%) of the graduate schools had established doctoralprograms prior to 1950. In the 1950s, seven (11.5%) were established.This was followed by the establishment of six (9.8%) in the 1960s, 16(26.2%) in the 1970s, 14 (23.0%) in the 1980s, and 13 (21.3%) in the1990s. Thirty-nine (63.9%) of the institutions are classified as publicand 22 (36.1%) are private universities. In the most recentclassification of the Carnegie Foundation (Chronicle chronicle,official record of events, set down in order of occurrence, important to the people of a nation, state, or city. Almanacs, The Congressional Record in the United States, and the Annual Register in England are chronicles. of HigherEducation, 2000), 56, or 91.8%, of the host institutions were classifiedas doctoral/research universities. All but 4 (85.2%) of these were ratedas research-extensive; the other 4 research universities were classifiedas research-intensive. Three (4.9%) of the institutions were classifiedas Master's Colleges and Universities II, and 2 (3.3%) wereclassified as Baccalaureate Colleges-Liberal Arts. All of the schools or departments have CSWE-accredited MSW degreeprograms, and about half (32 or 53%) offer the BSW BSW Bachelor of Social Work (degree)BSW Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft (German Solar Industry Association)BSW BrettspielWelt (online gaming site)BSW Biblical Studies on the Web degree as well. Thereis tremendous variation in the size of the student bodies of thecolleges and universities included in the study. Ohio State University Ohio State University,main campus at Columbus; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1873 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, renamed 1878. There are also campuses at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark. ,Arizona State University Arizona State University,at Tempe; coeducational; opened 1886 as a normal school, became 1925 Tempe State Teachers College, renamed 1945 Arizona State College at Tempe. Its present name was adopted in 1958. , Rutgers University Rutgers University,main campus at New Brunswick, N.J.; land-grant and state supported; coeducational except for Douglass College; chartered 1766 as Queen's College, opened 1771.Campuses and FacilitiesRutgers maintains three campuses. , the University of Texas atAustin “University of Texas” redirects here. For other system schools, see University of Texas System.The University of Texas at Austin (often referred to as The University of Texas, UT Austin, UT, or Texas , and the University of Minnesota (body, education) University of Minnesota - The home of Gopher.http://umn.edu/.Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. each report more than 45,000full-time graduate and undergraduate students. The sizes of the studentbodies of these institutions contrast dramatically with the enrollmentsof Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr College,at Bryn Mawr, Pa; undergraduate for women, graduate coeducational; opened 1885 by the Society of Friends, with a bequest from Joseph W. Taylor of Burlington, N.J. Modeled on a group curriculum plan at Johns Hopkins Univ. (1,727) and Smith College (2,500), the only twoCarnegie Baccalaureate I institutions with social work doctoralprograms. Total Articles Published Results from the 1998-1999 data collection period and summarystatistics for the 61 faculties for the entire 10-year period arereported in Table 2. These faculties published 979 articles during the1998-1999 period. When these publications were merged with the articlesidentified for the 1990-1997 period, the total number of articlesidentified for the faculties for the entire decade was 4,406. Productivity measures for the study included the number of socialwork journals and the number of non-social work journals in whichfaculty scholarship was published. The mean number of articles publishedby the 61 schools or departments of social work during the decade was72.23 and ranged from a low of 3 to a high of 259 articles. The standarddeviation for the distribution of faculty articles was 53.43 and themedian was 60. Each of three social work faculties published more than200 articles over the course of the study: Columbia University Columbia University,mainly in New York City; founded 1754 as King's College by grant of King George II; first college in New York City, fifth oldest in the United States; one of the eight Ivy League institutions. (259),the University of Washington (226), and the University of Michigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. (207). Nine other social work faculties exceeded 100 publications forthe 10-year period: the University of California-Berkeley (182),Washington University (163), the State University of New York (body) State University of New York - (SUNY) The public university system of New York State, USA, with campuses throughout the state. at Albany(145), the University of Maryland (141), Virginia CommonwealthUniversity Formed by a merger between the Richmond Professional Institute and the Medical College of Virginia in 1968, VCU has a medical school that is home to the nation's oldest organ transplant program. (138), the University of Pennsylvania (body, education) University of Pennsylvania - The home of ENIAC and Machiavelli.http://upenn.edu/.Address: Philadelphia, PA, USA. (123), BostonUniversity (117), the University of Wisconsin-Madison “University of Wisconsin” redirects here. For other uses, see University of Wisconsin (disambiguation).A public, land-grant institution, UW-Madison offers a wide spectrum of liberal arts studies, professional programs, and student activities. (116), and CaseWestern University (115). Of the 4,406 articles published, 2,527 (57%) appeared in one of the28 social work journals listed in Table 1; the remaining 1,879 articles(43%) were published in non-social work journals. The same variabilitynoted among the faculties on the two productivity measures was alsonoted when the percentage of articles published in social work journalswas compared across the 61 different institutions (see Table 2). Thefaculties of five schools or departments of social work published 80% ormore of all the articles they published between 1990 and 1999 in socialwork journals: Smith College (88%), the University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee (UT), sometimes called the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UT Knoxville or UTK), is the flagship institution of the statewide land-grant University of Tennessee public university system in the American state of Tennessee. (86%),the University of Indiana Indiana, state, United StatesIndiana,midwestern state in the N central United States. It is bordered by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan (N), Ohio (E), Kentucky, across the Ohio R. (S), and Illinois (W). (83%), the University of Iowa Not to be confused with Iowa State University.The first faculty offered instruction at the University in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, situated where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, the student body numbered 124, of which, 41 were women. (80%), and theCity University of New York--Hunter. However, 12 of the 61 faculties(20%) published more articles in non-social work journals than in socialwork journals during the decade, and 5 of these were among the 10 mostfrequently published faculties in the decade. The faculty of theUniversity of Washington, ranked number 2, published 60% of all articlethey published in non-social work journals. The faculties of theUniversity of Michigan and the University of California-Berkeley, rankedrespectively third and fourth, published 64% of their articles innon-social work journals. The faculty of the University of Pennsylvania,ranked 9th, published 57% of all its articles in non-social workperiodicals, and the Boston University social work faculty (ranked 10th)published 54% of all its articles in non-social work journals. The faculty of Columbia University, the most frequently publishedsocial work faculty for the 1990-1993 and the 1994-1997 periods of datacollection, was also the most frequently published for the entiredecade. The Columbia faculty published a total of 259 articles in thejournals searched. Six other social work faculties were ranked in thetop 10 at each previous assessment during the decade: the University ofWashington (2), the University of Michigan (3), the University ofCalifornia-Berkeley (4), Washington University (5), SUNY-Albany (6), andVirginia Commonwealth University (8) were also ranked within the top 10after both Wave 1 and Wave 2 periods of data collection. The 9th rankedsocial work faculty for the decade, the University of Pennsylvania, wasranked 10th following the Wave 2 data collection (1994-1997), but 24thafter the first wave of data collection (1990-1993). Neither theUniversity of Maryland, the 8th most productive faculty during the1990s, nor 10th ranked Boston University were included in Wave 1 or Wave2 data collection. Three productivity tiers of doctoral faculties were identified.However, a small group of faculties were responsible for a major shareof the total productivity in the 1990s. Similar to the NIMH TaskForce's findings for the 1980s, 12 of the faculties, less than 1/5(20%) of those in the study, were responsible for 1,932 articles or 44%of all publications identified over the ten-year period. The facultiesin the top productivity tier had a mean of 161 publications for theperiod. The mean number of publications by faculties in the secondproductivity tier, however, was about half that of the top tier (79.60)and the mean for the third productivity tier (37.65) was less than halfof the second tier. Publication Rates over Time Although the analysis of total productivity data provides importantinformation, it is not useful in answering one of the central questionsof the present investigation: Did the rate at which the doctoralfaculties published articles in professional journals remain the same,decline, or accelerate during the 1990s? Measures of rates of unit productivity require more informationthan measures of total productivity. For example, because the exactnumber of faculty members in a school or department of social work isconstantly changing, reliable assessment of per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. rates ofproductivity requires the collection of information on numbers of socialwork faculty members at each institution for each year in the studyperiod. Because comparable data about the number of social work facultymembers at each institution each year was not available, we originallymade an effort to estimate per capita publication rates by dividing eachschool's total productivity by their number of faculty. However, wewere not satisfied, nor was this journal's statistical reviewer re��view��er?n.One who reviews, especially one who writes critical reviews, as for a newspaper or magazine.reviewerNouna person who writes reviews of books, films, etc.Noun 1. ,with the reliability of the per capita rates obtained from thesubstitution SubstitutionArsinoëput her own son in place of Orestes; her son was killed and Orestes was saved. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 32]Barabbasrobber freed in Christ’s stead. [N.T.: Matthew 27:15–18; Swed. Lit. of this constant for the actual number of social workfaculty members at each institution each year. Consequently, we omittedper capita publication rates, a frequent convention in this type ofresearch, from the final analyses of data. Average yearly productivity is sometimes used as an alternativemeasure of the rate of productivity of academic units. Although thismeasure does not control for faculty size, it is particularly useful inthe present study because it provides a metric for the comparativeanalysis of the performance of the same faculty unit over the course ofthe decade. Consequently, as can be seen in Table 2, we estimated yearlypublication rates for each institution for each successive period ofdata collection. To determine average yearly productivity for Wave 1(1990-1993) and Wave 2 (1994-1997) data collection, the total number ofpublications credited to each faculty was divided by four. For the thirdwave of data collection (1998-1999), the total number of publicationswas divided by two. As reported in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 1, the datasuggest that yearly publication rates for the 61 schools increased overthe course of the decade. The mean number of articles published per yearfor all 61 faculties for the 1990-1993 period was 6.61; by the end ofthe 1994-1997 period, however, all 61 faculties were averaging 7.43articles per year, and by the end of the decade (1998-1999) the mean forthe cohort cohort/co��hort/ (ko��hort)1. in epidemiology, a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic and observed over time in the group.2. of 61 faculties was 8.02 articles per year. Awithin-subjects, repeated measures ANOVA using time period as the factorvariable and publication rate as the dependent variable indicated thatthis trend was statistically significant (Wilks' lambda=.863, F(2,59)=4.69, p=.0130). Subsequent Bonferroni paired comparison testsindicated statistically significant differences when the 1990-1993 ratewas compared with the 1994-1997 rate (p =.028) and with the 1998-1999rate of publication (p =.022). Although the difference between the1994-1997 and the 1998-1999 rates was in the predicted direction, it wasnot statistically significant (p =.422). Correlates of Institutional Journal Article Productivity Source of institutional support or control (public or privatesource). The mean number of articles published by social work facultiesof the public colleges and universities was 76.59. Although meanpublications for private universities was somewhat lower (69.86), therewas not a statistically significant difference when they were compared(t=.64, p =.46). Presence of undergraduate program. There was not a statisticallysignificant difference (t=.28, p=.77) between the total publication meanfor the (exclusively) graduate faculties (n=32, M=75.95) when comparedwith the mean for faculties of graduate schools and departments with BSWprograms (n=28, M =69.43). Reputation of Master's program. In the fall of 1999 deans andsenior faculty members of CSWE-accredited MSW programs were asked by the2000 US News and World Report rating and ranking service to rate theacademic quality of all MSW programs on a 5-point rating scale:distinguished (5), strong (4), good (3), adequate (2), or marginal (1).The mean US News and World Report ratings for each of the 61 facultiesin the present study were correlated cor��re��late?v. cor��re��lat��ed, cor��re��lat��ing, cor��re��latesv.tr.1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation.2. with the total number of journalarticles published by their respective faculties between 1990 and 1999.The resulting correlation coefficient Correlation CoefficientA measure that determines the degree to which two variable's movements are associated.The correlation coefficient is calculated as: was surprisingly robust (r=.78,p<.001). Indeed, the independently derived assessments made on thebasis of two presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. different factors revealed the measures werealmost interchangeable. Sixteen of the schools which were ranked in thetop 20 schools on the basis of faculty journal article publicationduring the 1990s were also ranked within the top 20 institutions on thebasis of the national reputations of their MSW programs. University enrollment and number of faculty members. Pearsoncorrelation coefficients were calculated to assess the level ofcorrelation between a school's or department's total 1990-1999publications and three factors: the number of full-time departmental orschool social work faculty members reported for December 31,1999; thetotal number of full-time students enrolled in the host institution onthis same date; and the number of students admitted (annually) to thedoctoral program. Statistically significant correlation coefficients(p<.05) resulted only for the number of full-time faculty (r=.51) inthe program, as might be expected, and for the number of studentsadmitted annually (r=.34). Longevity. Finally, we examined bivariate bi��var��i��ate?adj.Mathematics Having two variables: bivariate binomial distribution.Adj. 1. relationships between theestablishment dates of host colleges and universities and their graduateprograms and the publication productivity achieved during the 1990s.Statistically significant negative correlation Noun 1. negative correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1indirect correlation coefficients resulted forthe university founding date (r =-.45, p<.001), and for theestablishment of the MSW (r=-.31, p=.017) and doctoral programs (r=-.32,p=.012). The earlier the universities and schools had been establishedthe greater the total productivity achieved by their faculties in the1990s. Multivariate analysis. In summary, the bivariate proceduresrevealed that program size (number of full-time faculty and number offull-time students), program longevity (date MSW program wasestablished, date Ph.D. program was established, and date university wasestablished), and the perceived academic quality of the program (US Newsand World Report ranking) were all correlated (p<.05) withpublication productivity. However, when these six predictor variableswere simultaneously entered into a multiple regression equation Regression equationAn equation that describes the average relationship between a dependent variable and a set of explanatory variables. withtotal publication productivity as the dependent variable, none of thelongevity or size variables was statistically significant (p=.05). Theonly correlate of decade-wise publication productivity was the academicquality rating of the MSW program made by the faculty members and deanswho participated in the US News and World Reports national poll([beta]=.821, p=<.0001). Faculty members' and deans'judgments of academic quality accounted for a sizeable 62%([R.sup.2]=.617, p <.001) of the variance in the measure of thedependent variable. Limitations The measurement of faculty scholarship in this study was limited topublication in professional journals. Consequently, it is certainlyconceivable con��ceive?v. con��ceived, con��ceiv��ing, con��ceivesv.tr.1. To become pregnant with (offspring).2. that other decade-long, single measure, longitudinal studies longitudinal studies,n.pl the epidemiologic studies that record data from a respresentative sample at repeated intervals over an extended span of time rather than at a single or limited number over a short period. of scholarly books, research funding, citations of work completed, orinventories of multiple scholarly outcomes might suggest differentlevels of productivity and different rankings than those reported here.Studies using more diverse and inclusive measures of scholarship areclearly needed to broaden, supplement, clarify, and provide a contextfor continuing studies of journal article publication productivity andfor scholarship in general among the social work professorate. It has been previously observed that the SSCI database fails toindex many journals pertinent PERTINENT, evidence. Those facts which tend to prove the allegations of the party offering them, are called pertinent; those which have no such tendency are called impertinent, 8 Toull. n. 22. By pertinent is also meant that which belongs. Willes, 319. to the scholarly work of social workeducators and therefore does not adequately reflect the publicationproductivity of social work faculty (Kreuger, 1993; Reamer reamerRotary cutting tool of cylindrical or conical shape, used for enlarging and finishing to accurate dimensions holes that have been drilled, bored, or cored. A reamer cannot be used to start a hole. , 1999).Conversely con��verse?1?intr.v. con��versed, con��vers��ing, con��vers��es1. To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk. See Synonyms at speak.2. , others have recently concluded that, "for all practicalpurposes, the SSCI captures all [italics added] the journals relevant tosocial work" (Thyer & Polk, 1997). Our continuing researchpreoccupation pre��oc��cu��pa��tion?n.1. The state of being preoccupied; absorption of the attention or intellect.2. Something that preoccupies or engrosses the mind: Money was their chief preoccupation. with systematically searching for publications of Americansocial work faculty convinces us that neither of these polar views isentirely correct; nevertheless, the latter point of view is moreconsistent with our experience and findings and with those of otherinvestigators who have attempted to systematically evaluate theperiodical periodical,a publication that is issued regularly. It is distinguished from the newspaper in format in that its pages are smaller and are usually bound, and it is published at weekly, monthly, quarterly, or other intervals, rather than daily. publication patterns of social work educators (Baker, 1992;Bloom & Klein, 1995; Pardeck, 1992; Pardeck & Meinert, 1999). The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), SSCI'ssponsoring corporation, does not include all social work journals, norall of the journals of any profession. Although the quality and prestigeof the journals tracked by SSCI varies considerably, new journals arecontinuously reviewed by the ISI staff and are selected only aftermeeting specified criteria. Therefore, the articles in our studycomprise a sample, rather than the universe, of all journals publishedin the 1990s. The problems of operationally defining a professionaljournal for sampling purposes are immense: any publication is free todescribe itself as a "professional journal"; the lifetime ofmany professional publications is short-lived; some journals publish atirregular HEIR, IRREGULAR. In Louisiana, irregular heirs are those who are neither testamentary nor legal, and who have been established by law to take the succession. See Civ. Code of Lo. art. 874. and sometimes erratic er��rat��ic?adj.1. Having no fixed or regular course; wandering.2. Lacking consistency, regularity, or uniformity: an erratic heartbeat.3. intervals; and the peer review processesand standards of some publications are vastly superior to others (Testa,2000). Consequently, only 10%-20% of the 2,000 new journals evaluatedeach year by ISI meet the SSCI inclusion criteria For Wikipedia's inclusion criteria, see: What Wikipedia is not.Inclusion criteria are a set of conditions that must be met in order to participate in a clinical trial. and are subsequentlyadded to the holdings. No single factor governs ISI decision making for SSCI inclusion; ajournal's publication standards, its editorial conventions, theapplication of a peer review system, its multinational focus andreadership, and its subscription and citation Citation(foaled 1945) U.S. Thoroughbred racehorse. In four seasons he won 32 of 45 races, finished second in ten, and third in two. He won the 1948 Triple Crown, and became the first horse to win $1 million. He set a world record in 1950 by running a mile in 1:33 3/5. characteristics are allvariables (Testa, 2000). Consequently, social work faculty memberarticles published in some of the more recently established journals,the less frequently read and cited journals, and some of the moreirregularly ir��reg��u��lar?adj.1. Contrary to rule, accepted order, or general practice: irregular hiring practices.2. published journals in the 1990s may not have been includedin our study. However, because there is no reason to believe thatcertain of the 61 faculties published more frequently than others injournals either included or excluded by the SSCI selection process, webelieve our sample is representative of the universe of articlespublished by social work doctoral faculties in the leading, pertinentjournals. Per capita publication rates calculated by dividing eachschool's total number of publications by their number of facultyhave frequently been used in earlier studies (Bloom & Klein, 1995;Corcoran & Kirk, 1990; Green et al., 1995; Green et al., 1999).However, because these measures may not be sensitive to the year-to-yearfluctuations in faculty size which typify contemporary social workfaculties, we did not calculate these rates for the present study.Consequently, readers should exercise caution in comparing resultsacross studies and note in particular that the index created for thepresent study, the average rate of yearly productivity, cannot becompared with the per capita rates utilized in the earlier studies.Although in the present study faculty size was correlated in thebivariate analyses (r=.51) with productivity, when the more subjectivemeasure of MSW program quality was introduced during the multivariateanalyses--the faculty's reputation as viewed by selected socialwork educators and administrators, the resulting coefficient coefficient/co��ef��fi��cient/ (ko?ah-fish��int)1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities.2. was notstatistically significant. Finally, an article published by two or more contributing authorsof the same faculty was counted as a single publication. However, wewere not always able to detect when contributing authors to the samearticle were from different universities; when this occurred, eachauthor was credited with one publication. Similarly, although includedin Wave 2 and Wave 3 searches, articles published independently bystudents and post-doctoral scholars during the early years of the 1990smay not have been detected by the individual author searches used inWave 1 data collection (1990-1993). Discussion and Conclusions Notwithstanding these limitations, the uniqueness and relativecomprehensiveness of the data analyzed in this study permits, andperhaps requires, some general observations and conclusions about thecurrent state of journal article productivity among the facultiesstudied. Among these observations, the continuing pattern of scholarlystratification stratification(Lat.,=made in layers), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. Changes between strata are interpreted as the result of fluctuations in the intensity and persistence of the depositional agent, e.g. observed during the 1990s may be the most remarkable.Because of their shared mission, the scholarly activities of facultymembers of doctoral degree-conferring schools and departments is oftenperceived similarly by educators, practitioners, governmental agencies,students, and the general public. In spite of in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding.See also: Spite the observable escalation es��ca��late?v. es��ca��lat��ed, es��ca��lat��ing, es��ca��latesv.tr.To increase, enlarge, or intensify: escalated the hostilities in the Persian Gulf.v.intr. of publication among doctoral faculties in the last 10 years, however,our data suggests strongly, if not conclusively con��clu��sive?adj.Serving to put an end to doubt, question, or uncertainty; decisive. See Synonyms at decisive.con��clusive��ly adv. , that levels ofcontribution to the professional knowledge base, and presumably theexpectations and standards for knowledge development among thesefaculties, are radically different and uneven. Although faculties ofthree schools averaged more than 20 published articles per year for the10-year period studied, five faculties failed to publish 20 articlesover the course of the entire decade. More than one third of alldoctoral faculties (23 or 38%) averaged fewer than five publications peryear throughout the 1990s. A qualitative theme also dominated our results: facultiesdisseminated disseminated/dis��sem��i��nat��ed/ (-sem��i-nat?ed) scattered; distributed over a considerable area. dis��sem��i��nat��edadj.Spread over a large area of a body, a tissue, or an organ. their findings and commentary in distinctively differentpatterns. In general, the least productive faculties published amajority of their articles in social work journals rather than innon-social work journals. Some published more than 80% of their articlesin one of the 28 social work journals included in the study. However,among several of the more frequently published faculties, the trend isprecisely the opposite. Notwithstanding the Columbia University faculty,who published more articles in social workjournals (54%) than non-socialwork journals, the faculties of the schools ranked second, third, andfourth published more articles in non-social workjournals. The facultyof the University of Washington published 60% of its publications innon-social work journals, and the faculties of both the University ofMichigan, and the University of California--Berkeley each published 64%of all their articles in non-social work journals. Not only did somefaculties publish considerably more articles than others, they alsodisseminated their findings and commentary more broadly. From time to time it is suggested that the teaching and scholarshiproles for social work faculty are more antagonistic antagonisticadjective Referring to any combination of 2 or more drugs, which results in a therapeutic effect that is less than the sum of each drug's effect. Cf Additive, Synergism. to one another thansynergistic synergistic/syn��er��gis��tic/ (sin?er-jis��tik)1. acting together.2. enhancing the effect of another force or agent.syn��er��gis��ticadj.1. . However, our findings of a very strong association betweenpublication and the US News and World Report's reputational measureof educational quality may provide some evidence to the contrary. Ifteaching and research requirements presented conflicting demands forfaculty members in the work environments studied, a correlation of thesemeasures would be expected to produce a negative correlationcoefficient. Such a coefficient would provide support for the frequentlyarticulated ar��tic��u��la��tedadj.Characterized by or having articulations; jointed. notion that publication productivity thrives in workenvironments where the emphasis on quality teaching is low and viceversa VICE VERSA. On the contrary; on opposite sides. . However, the correlation between educational quality andpublication productivity in our data was positive and of remarkablestrength (r=.78). The academic quality of the MSW programs of thefrequently published faculties, almost without exception, was rated muchhigher than that of the less frequently published faculties. And thestrength of the correlation coefficient was maintained when size andlongevity, traditional correlates of faculty productivity, werestatistically controlled. If subsequent studies verify this empirical relationship In science, an empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis. betweenpublication productivity and ratings of the educational quality ofCSWE-accredited MSW programs, the findings may have long-rangeimplications for the scholarly growth of social work education, for theprofession's image, and for the appointment, tenure, and promotionof faculty members in the professional schools. The data reviewed heresuggest a remarkable synergy The enhanced result of two or more people, groups or organizations working together. In other words, one and one equals three! It comes from the Greek "synergia," which means joint work and cooperative action. and complementarity between the facultyteaching and scholarship roles at doctoral institutions. Faculties thatexcelled in educating students for practice at the MSW level in the1990s are the same faculties that made the most frequent contributionsto the profession's periodical literature. Conversely, facultiesthat made the most minimal contributions to the literature in the 1990swere also teaching in MSW programs judged less favorably fa��vor��a��ble?adj.1. Advantageous; helpful: favorable winds.2. Encouraging; propitious: a favorable diagnosis.3. by theircolleagues. The magnitude of the differences in publication productivity andthe correlation between teaching and scholarship at the schools in thesample also have some practical implications. First, because publicationin professional journals is an unequivocal indicator of doctoral programquality (GADE, 1992), the findings concerning individual facultiesshould be particularly useful to graduate students in making informedapplication and enrollment decisions in the coming years. These findingsmay also be useful to colleges and universities in the evaluation of therelative performance of their graduate and doctoral programs, and toindividual faculty members seeking continuity or change in their careerdevelopment. Similarly, as the growth of new programs continues toexceed the growth of the applicant pool for doctoral education (Austin,1998), the findings should also be useful to faculty members andadministrators who wish to establish new doctoral programs or evaluateexisting ones. Finally, because of the salience sa��li��ence? also sa��li��en��cyn. pl. sa��li��en��ces also sa��li��en��cies1. The quality or condition of being salient.2. A pronounced feature or part; a highlight.Noun 1. of professionalpublication in the appointment, evaluation, promotion, and tenure ofgraduate faculties (Euster & Weinbach, 1983, 1985, 1994; Gibbs &Locke, 1989), the findings may also be useful in achieving ormaintaining salary equity and comparability within these faculties andwith comparable schools and departments.TABLE 1. 28 Professional Journals Designated as Social Work Journalsfor the Study and Included in the Social Science Citation IndexAdministration in Social Work Journal of Gerontological Social WorkAffilia-Journal of Women and Journal of Social Policy Social WorkArete Journal of Social Service ResearchAsia Pacific Journal of Social Journal of Social Welfare WorkBritish Journal of Social Work Journal of Social Work and Human SexualityChild Abuse and Neglect (a) Journal of Social Work EducationChildren and Youth Services Review Journal of Social Work PracticeChild Welfare (a) Journal of Sociology and Social WelfareClinical Social Work Journal Research on Social Work PracticeFamilies in Society: The Journal Smith College Studies in Social of Contemporary Human Services WorkHealth and Social Work Social Service ReviewIndian Journal of Social Work Social WorkInternational Journal of Social Social Work in Health Care WelfareInternational Social Work Social Work ResearchNote. Most of the journals in this table were identified as "socialwork journals" early in the decade of the 1990s by the NationalAssociation of Social Workers (Beebe, 1993) or by Lindsey and Kirk(1992). Others were added to the study's operational definition aftermeeting Social Science Citation Index selection criteria.(a) Child Abuse and Neglect and Child Welfare are interdisciplinaryrather than social work journals. After having been identified as asocial work journal in a primary source at the beginning of the study,however, they were retained as "social work journals" for purposes ofconsistency in each of the three waves of data collection (1990-1990,1994-1997, 1998-1999).TABLE 2. Summary of the 61 Schools' and Departments' 1990-1999 JournalArticle Publication Productivity, Ranking, and Yearly Rates ofPublicationAffiliation of ArticlesSocial Work All PublishedSchool/Department Articles 1998-99Columbia University 53 (1) 259 (1)University of Washington 226 (2) 47 (3)University of Michigan 207 (3) 30 (8)University of California Berkeley 182 (4) 44 (5)Washington University 163 (5) 49 (2)SUNY-Albany 145 (6) 26 (11)University of Maryland 141 (7) 17 (25)Virginia Commonwealth University 138 (8) 31 (7)University of Pennsylvania 123 (9) 37 (6)Boston University 117 (10) 44 (5)University of Wisconsin Madison 116 (11) 22 (14)Case Western University 115 (12) 18 (23)University of Georgia 99 (13) 19 (18)Ohio State University 94 (14) 24 (12)University of North Carolina 94 (14) 27 (10)Rutgers University 91 (16) 27 (10)Boston College 87 (17) 18 (23)University of Southern California 87 (17) 18 (23)University of Minnesota 77 (19) 23 (13)Fordham University 74 (20) 21 (16)University of Kansas 74 (20) 16 (27)Arizona State University 73 (22) 9 (40)University of Chicago 72 (23) 12 (35)University of California Los Angeles 70 (24) 18 (23)University of Illinois Urbana 69 (25) 18 (23)University of Texas Austin 67 (26) 20 (17)University of Tennessee 66 (27) 21 (16)New York University 65 (28) 17 (15)University of Illinois Chicago 64 (29) 10 (36)University of Iowa 60 (30) 8 (44)Smith College 58 (31) 16 (27)CUNY-Hunter 55 (32) 6 (51)SUNY-Buffalo 55 (32) 12 (35)Portland State University 53 (34) 9 (40)Bryn Mawr College 51 (35) 12 (35)University of Alabama 50 (36) 7 (47)University of Houston 49 (38) 14 (30)University of Texas Arlington 49 (38) 8 (44)Florida State University 46 (40) 7 (47)University of Pittsburgh 46 (40) 8 (44)Yeshiva University 44 (41) 15 (29)Catholic University 43 (42) 5 (53)University of Utah 42 (43) 12 (35)Loyola University 37 (44) 9 (40)University of Kentucky 36 (45) 12 (35)University of South Carolina 35 (46) 15 (29)University of Denver 33 (47) 7 (47)Louisiana State University 32 (48) 4 (57)Barry University 31 (49) 6 (51)Simmons College 30 (50) 9 (40)Michigan State University 28 (51) 4 (57)Adelphi University 26 (52) 4 (57)Florida International University 26 (52) 5 (53)University of Hawaii 24 (53) 6 (51)University of Indiana 24 (53) 8 (44)Howard University 22 (56) 1 (60)SUNY-Stonybrook 19 (59) 6 (51)Tulane University 19 (59) 4 (57)University of Louisville 19 (59) 3 (58)Clark Atlanta University 6 (60) 0 (61)Norfolk State University 3 (61) 1 (60) Totals 4,406 979Affiliation ofSocial Work Social Work Non-Social WorkSchool/Department Journal JournalColumbia University 140 (1) 119 (3)University of Washington 90 (5) 136 (1)University of Michigan 75 (7) 132 (2)University of California Berkeley 6 (9) 117 (4)Washington University 102 (2) 61 (8)SUNY-Albany 91 (4) 54 (9)University of Maryland 87 (6) 54 (9)Virginia Commonwealth University 99 (3) 39 (16)University of Pennsylvania 53 (18) 70 (6)Boston University 54 (16) 63 (7)University of Wisconsin Madison 43 (27) 73 (5)Case Western University 75 (8) 40 (14)University of Georgia 59 (11) 40 (14)Ohio State University 48 (23) 46 (11)University of North Carolina 63 (10) 31 (22)Rutgers University 57 (14) 34 (19)Boston College 56 (15) 31 (22)University of Southern California 43 (27) 44 (13)University of Minnesota 41 (28) 36 (17)Fordham University 45 (24) 29 (23)University of Kansas 57 (14) 17 (38)Arizona State University 54 (17) 19 (32)University of Chicago 27 (40) 45 (12)University of California Los Angeles 36 (31) 34 (18)University of Illinois Urbana 49 (20) 20 (31)University of Texas Austin 49 (20) 18 (35)University of Tennessee 57 (14) 9 (49)New York University 33 (32) 32 (20)University of Illinois Chicago 39 (29) 25 (25)University of Iowa 48 (23) 12 (43)Smith College 51 (19) 7 (52)CUNY-Hunter 44 (25) 11 (46)SUNY-Buffalo 28 (36) 27 (24)Portland State University 28 (36) 25 (26)Bryn Mawr College 30 (35) 21 (30)University of Alabama 26 (43) 24 (28)University of Houston 32 (33) 17 (38)University of Texas Arlington 38 (30) 11 (48)Florida State University 21 (47) 25 (26)University of Pittsburgh 27 (40) 19 (34)Yeshiva University 31 (34) 13 (42)Catholic University 26 (43) 17 (38)University of Utah 20 (48) 22 (29)Loyola University 28 (38) 9 (51)University of Kentucky 24 (45) 12 (46)University of South Carolina 22 (46) 13 (42)University of Denver 26 (43) 7 (56)Louisiana State University 20 (50) 12 (46)Barry University 24 (45) 7 (52)Simmons College 17 (52) 13 (42)Michigan State University 9 (59) 19 (34)Adelphi University 16 (53) 10 (49)Florida International University 19 (51) 7 (56)University of Hawaii 12 (56) 12 (46)University of Indiana 20 (50) 4 (59)Howard University 9 (59) 13 (42)SUNY-Stonybrook 11 (57) 8 (51)Tulane University 14 (53) 5 (57)University of Louisville 13 (55) 6 (56)Clark Atlanta University 4 (59) 2 (59)Norfolk State University 2 (61) 1 (61) Totals 2,527 1,879Affiliation ofSocial WorkSchool/Department % Social WorkColumbia University 54 (41)University of Washington 40 (56)University of Michigan 36 (59)University of California Berkeley 36 (60)Washington University 63 (30)SUNY-Albany 63 (28)University of Maryland 62 (31)Virginia Commonwealth University 72 (15)University of Pennsylvania 43 (54)Boston University 46 (52)University of Wisconsin Madison 37 (58)Case Western University 65 (24)University of Georgia 60 (36)Ohio State University 51 (46)University of North Carolina 67 (19)Rutgers University 63 (29)Boston College 64 (25)University of Southern California 49 (50)University of Minnesota 53 (42)Fordham University 61 (32)University of Kansas 77 (9)Arizona State University 74 (11)University of Chicago 38 (57)University of California Los Angeles 51 (45)University of Illinois Urbana 71 (16)University of Texas Austin 73 (13)University of Tennessee 86 (2)New York University 51 (48)University of Illinois Chicago 61 (33)University of Iowa 80 (4)Smith College 88 (1)CUNY-Hunter 80 (4)SUNY-Buffalo 51 (47)Portland State University 53 (43)Bryn Mawr College 59 (37)University of Alabama 52 (44)University of Houston 65 (23)University of Texas Arlington 78 (7)Florida State University 46 (53)University of Pittsburgh 59 (38)Yeshiva University 70 (17)Catholic University 60 (35)University of Utah 48 (51)Loyola University 76 (10)University of Kentucky 67 (22)University of South Carolina 63 (27)University of Denver 79 (6)Louisiana State University 63 (26)Barry University 77 (8)Simmons College 57 (40)Michigan State University 32 (61)Adelphi University 62 (32)Florida International University 73 (14)University of Hawaii 50 (49)University of Indiana 83 (3)Howard University 41 (55)SUNY-Stonybrook 58 (37)Tulane University 74 (12)University of Louisville 68 (18)Clark Atlanta University 67 (20)Norfolk State University 67 (20) Totals 57Affiliation ofSocial Work Yearly Rates of PublicationSchool/Department 1990-93 1994-97Columbia University 25.25 26.25University of Washington 21.50 23.25University of Michigan 20.75 23.50University of California Berkeley 16.25 18.25Washington University 13.00 15.50SUNY-Albany 13.25 16.50University of Maryland 15.00 16.00Virginia Commonwealth University 14.25 12.50University of Pennsylvania 5.75 15.75Boston University 8.50 9.75University of Wisconsin Madison 11.50 12.00Case Western University 13.75 10.50University of Georgia 11.00 9.00Ohio State University 8.00 9.50University of North Carolina 8.50 8.25Rutgers University 6.50 9.50Boston College 5.50 11.75University of Southern California 8.75 8.50University of Minnesota 6.50 7.00Fordham University 6.50 6.75University of Kansas 6.75 7.75Arizona State University 7.75 8.25University of Chicago 7.75 7.25University of California Los Angeles 6.25 6.75University of Illinois Urbana 3.75 9.00University of Texas Austin 5.50 6.25University of Tennessee 6.00 5.25New York University 5.75 6.25University of Illinois Chicago 4.25 9.25University of Iowa 7.50 5.50Smith College 3.25 7.25CUNY-Hunter 8.25 4.00SUNY-Buffalo 3.75 7.00Portland State University 3.75 7.25Bryn Mawr College 4.50 5.25University of Alabama 5.25 5.50University of Houston 4.75 4.00University of Texas Arlington 4.75 5.50Florida State University 6.50 3.25University of Pittsburgh 5.50 4.00Yeshiva University 1.75 5.50Catholic University 3.75 5.75University of Utah 4.00 3.50Loyola University 3.75 3.25University of Kentucky 2.00 4.00University of South Carolina 2.00 3.00University of Denver 3.75 2.75Louisiana State University 4.50 2.50Barry University 2.25 4.00Simmons College 1.75 3.50Michigan State University 3.50 2.50Adelphi University 2.50 3.00Florida International University 2.50 2.75University of Hawaii 2.50 2.00University of Indiana 1.50 2.50Howard University 3.50 1.75SUNY-Stonybrook 2.00 1.25Tulane University 2.00 1.75University of Louisville 2.25 1.75Clark Atlanta University 0.00 1.50Norfolk State University 0.25 0.25 Totals 6.61 7.43Affiliation ofSocial Work Yearly Rates of PublicationSchool/Department 1998-99 OverallColumbia University 26.50 25.90University of Washington 23.50 22.60University of Michigan 15.00 20.70University of California Berkeley 22.00 18.20Washington University 24.50 16.30SUNY-Albany 13.00 14.50University of Maryland 8.50 14.10Virginia Commonwealth University 15.50 13.80University of Pennsylvania 18.75 12.30Boston University 22.00 11.70University of Wisconsin Madison 11.00 11.00Case Western University 9.80 11.50University of Georgia 9.50 9.90Ohio State University 12.00 9.40University of North Carolina 13.50 9.40Rutgers University 13.50 9.10Boston College 9.00 8.70University of Southern California 9.00 8.70University of Minnesota 11.50 7.70Fordham University 10.50 7.40University of Kansas 8.00 7.40Arizona State University 4.50 7.30University of Chicago 6.00 7.20University of California Los Angeles 9.00 7.00University of Illinois Urbana 9.00 6.90University of Texas Austin 10.00 6.70University of Tennessee 10.50 6.60New York University 8.50 6.50University of Illinois Chicago 5.00 6.40University of Iowa 4.00 6.00Smith College 8.00 5.80CUNY-Hunter 3.00 5.50SUNY-Buffalo 6.00 5.50Portland State University 4.50 5.30Bryn Mawr College 6.00 5.10University of Alabama 3.50 5.00University of Houston 7.00 4.90University of Texas Arlington 4.00 4.90Florida State University 3.50 4.60University of Pittsburgh 4.00 4.60Yeshiva University 7.50 4.40Catholic University 2.50 4.30University of Utah 6.00 4.20Loyola University 4.50 3.70University of Kentucky 6.00 3.60University of South Carolina 7.50 3.50University of Denver 3.50 3.30Louisiana State University 2.00 3.30Barry University 3.00 3.10Simmons College 4.50 3.00Michigan State University 2.00 2.80Adelphi University 2.00 2.60Florida International University 2.50 2.60University of Hawaii 3.00 2.40University of Indiana 4.00 2.40Howard University 0.50 2.20SUNY-Stonybrook 3.00 1.90Tulane University 2.00 1.90University of Louisville 1.50 1.90Clark Atlanta University 0.00 0.60Norfolk State University 0.50 0.30 Totals 8.02 7.22Note. Schools are ranked and placed in the order of their overallproductivity ratings (in parentheses). In addition to overallrankings, each school is ranked within particular categories (inparentheses). References Austin, D. (1992). Findings of the NIMH task force on social workresearch. Research in Social Work Practice, 2, 311-322. Austin, D. (1998). A report on progress in the development ofresearch resources in social work. Austin: University of Texas atAustin, School of Social Work. Baker, D. R. (1992). A structural analysis of the social workjournal network. Journal of Social Service Research, 15, 153-167. Baker, D. R., & Isherwood, J. T. (1988). Ranking graduatesocial work programs: An empirical comparison of methodologies.Unpublished manuscript manuscript,a handwritten work as distinguished from printing. The oldest manuscripts, those found in Egyptian tombs, were written on papyrus; the earliest dates from c.3500 B.C. . Barnett, R. 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In pursuit of thePh.D. Princeton, NJ: University Press. Chronicle of Higher Education. (2000, August 11). CarnegieFoundation's Classification of 3,941 Institutions of HigherEducation. Retrieved December 9, 2001 from http://chronicle.com/stats/carnegie. Corcoran, K., & Kirk, S. A. (1990). We're all number one:Academic productivity among schools of social work. Journal of SocialWork Education, 6, 310-321. DeMeuse, K. P. (1987). The relationship between researchproductivity and perceptions of doctoral program quality. ProfessionalPsychology Research and Practice, 18(1), 81-83. Euster, G. E., & Weinbach, R. W. (1983). Rewards for facultycommunity service. Journal of Social Work Education, 19, 108-114. Euster, G. E., & Weinbach, R. W. (1985). Quality assessment ofcommunity service activities. Journal of Social Work Education, 24,201-210. Euster, G. E., & Weinbach, R. W. (1994). Faculty rewards forcommunity service activities: An update. Journal of Social WorkEducation, 30, 317-324. 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The prestige value of books and journalarticles. Nursing Education, 22, 10-19. Kreuger, L. W. (1993). Should there be a moratorium A suspension of activity or an authorized period of delay or waiting. A moratorium is sometimes agreed upon by the interested parties, or it may be authorized or imposed by operation of law. on articlesthat rank schools of social work based on faculty publications? Yes!Journal of Social Work Education, 29, 240-245. Lindsey, D., & Kirk, S. (1992). The role of social workjournals in the development of a knowledge base for the profession.Social Service Review, 66, 295-310. Niemi, A. W. (1988). Research productivity of American businessschools, 1975-85. Review of Business and Economic Research, 23, 1-17. Pardeck, J. T. (1992). Are social work editorial boards competent?Research on Social Work Practice, 2, 487-496. Pardeck, J. T., & Meinert, R. (1999). Scholarly achievements ofsocial work editorial boards and consulting editors: A commentary.Research on Social Work Practice, 1, 86-91 Reamer, F. G. (1999). Social work scholarship and gatekeeping gatekeepingAn activity that '…has come to imply the medically limited and bureaucratic function of opening or closing the gate to high-cost medical services. :Reflection on the debate. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 92-95. Task Force on Social Work Research. (1991). Building social workknowledge for effective services and policies: A plan for researchdevelopment. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, School of SocialWork. Thyer, B. A. (2000). A decade of research on social work practice.Social Work Practice, 10(1), 5-8. Thyer, B. A., & Polk, G. (1997). Social work and psychologyprofessors' scholarly productivity: A controlled comparison ofcited journal articles. Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 21(2),105-110. Webster, D. W., & Skinner, T. (1996). Rating Ph.D. programs.Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 28(3), 46-55. Accepted: 9/01. Robert G. Green is professor, Frank R. Baskind is professor anddean, and Melissa H. Bellin is a doctoral student, School of SocialWork, Virginia Commonwealth University. Address correspondence to: Robert G. Green, School of Social Work,Raleigh Building, 1001 West Franklin Street The following roads are named Franklin Street: Franklin Street (Baltimore) in Maryland, United States Franklin Street (Chapel Hill) in North Carolina, United States Franklin Street (Manhattan) in New York, United States , P.O. Box 842027, Richmond,VA 23284; email: rggreen@vcu.edu.